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| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vote for Democratic or Republican candidate, most recent election | GSS | 1972–2024 | 35 |
| Voted in the most recent presidential election | GSS | 1972–2024 | 35 |
| Voted in the national election 2000, 2002 VERSION2, and 2004 VERSION 1: In talking to people about elections, we often find that a lot of people were not able to vote because they weren’t registered, they were sick, or they just didn’t have time. Which of the following statements best describes you: One, I did not vote (in the election this November); Two, I thought about voting this time - but didn’t; Three, I usually vote, but didn’t this time; or Four, I am sure I voted? | ANES | 1948–2024 | 32 |
| Tried to persuade others how to vote during campaign During the campaign, did you talk to any people and try to show them why they should vote for (1984 AND LATER: or against) one of the parties or candidates? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 31 |
| Interest in political campaigns Some people don’t pay much attention to political campaigns. How about you, would you say that you have been/were very much interested, somewhat interested, or not much interested in (1952-1998: following) the political campaigns (so far) this year? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 30 |
| Worked for a party or candidate during campaign Did you do any {other} work for one of the parties or candidates? | ANES |
| 1952–2024 |
| 29 |
| Donated money to a party or candidate during campaign During an election year people are often asked to make a contribution to support campaigns. Did you give money to a political party during this election year? Did you give money to an individual candidate running for public office? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 29 |
| Attended political meetings or rallies during campaign Did you go to any political meetings, rallies, (1984 AND LATER: speeches,) (1978,1980,1982: fund raising) dinners, or things like that (1984 AND LATER: in support of a particular candidate)? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 29 |
| Displayed campaign button, sticker, or sign 1984 AND LATER: Did you wear a campaign button, put a campaign sticker on your car, or place a sign in your window or in front of your house? | ANES | 1956–2024 | 28 |
| Campaign participation count, four categories Campaign participation count [2] | ANES | 1952–2016 | 27 |
| Registration and turnout summary Summary: did R register and vote | ANES | 1952–2024 | 26 |
| Contacted by the Republican Party about campaign Did Republican Party contact R about election campaign | ANES | 1956–2020 | 26 |
| Contacted by which major party about campaign (IF YES:) Which party was that (1956,1960: were they from)? | ANES | 1956–2020 | 26 |
| Contacted by any major party about campaign Did PARTY contact R about election campaign? | ANES | 1956–2020 | 26 |
| Knew which party held House majority before election (IF NECESSARY:) Which one? (2000, 2004: DON’T PROBE DK) | ANES | 1958–2020 | 26 |
| Vote in previous presidential election by party In 2000 Al Gore ran on the Democratic ticket against George W. Bush for the Republicans and Ralph Nader as the Reform party candidate.Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | ANES | 1948–2020 | 26 |
| Contacted by the Democratic Party about campaign Did Democratic Party contact R about election campaign | ANES | 1956–2020 | 26 |
| Feeling thermometer: Conservatives Conservatives – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 25 |
| Feeling thermometer: Liberals Liberals – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 25 |
| Campaign participation count, six categories Campaign participation count [1] | ANES | 1956–2016 | 25 |
| Important differences between Republicans and Democrats Do you think there are any important differences in what the Republicans and Democrats stand for? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 23 |
| Feeling thermometer for the U.S. president President thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 23 |
| Placement of the Democratic Party on liberal-conservative scale (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 21 |
| Placement of the Republican Party on liberal-conservative scale Republican Party - R’s rating of party on liberal/conservative scale | ANES | 1972–2024 | 21 |
| Feeling thermometer for the vice president Vice-president thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 21 |
| Interest in public affairs We’d also like to know how much attention you pay to what’s going on in politics generally. I mean from day to day, when there isn’t any big election campaign going on, would you say you follow politics very closely, fairly closely, or not much at all? | ANES | 1964–2008 | 21 |
| Self-reported voter registration | CES | 2006–2025 | 20 |
| Presidential vote among major candidates (IF R VOTED:) How about the election for President? Did you vote for a candidate for President? (IF YES:) Who did you vote for? | ANES | 1948–2024 | 20 |
| Pre-election intended presidential vote 2012 PRE-ELECTION: (IF R IS NOT REGISTERED BUT INTENDS TO REGISTER, OR IF R IS REGISTERED BUT DID NOT VOTE YET:) How about the election for President? Do you intend to vote for a candidate for PRESIDENT? (IF YES:) Who do you think you will vote for? [DEM PRES CAND NAME], [REP PRES CAND NAME], or someone else? | ANES | 1948–2024 | 20 |
| Number of things liked about the Republican Party What is that? Anything else [you like about the Republican Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the Republican Party Salience of Republican Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the major parties Net affect toward major parties | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things disliked about the Democratic Party What is that? Anything else [you don’t like about the Democratic Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Relative salience of the major parties Relative salience of major parties | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the Democratic Party Salience of Democratic Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the major parties Major party salience | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the Republican Party Affect toward Republican Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things disliked about the Republican Party What is that? Anything else [you don’t like about the Republican Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the Democratic Party Affect toward Democratic Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things liked about the Democratic Party What is that? Anything else [you like about the Democratic Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Interest in government and public affairs Some people seem to follow what’s going on in government and public affairs most of the time, whether there’s an election going on or not. Others aren’t that interested. Would you say you follow what’s going on in government and public affairs .. | CES | 2007–2025 | 19 |
| Dislikes anything about the Republican Party Is there anything in particular that you don’t like about the Republican party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Likes anything about the Democratic Party Is there anything in particular that you like about the Democratic party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Likes anything about the Republican Party Is there anything in particular that you like about the Republican party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Dislikes anything about the Democratic Party Is there anything in particular that you don’t like about the Democratic party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Presidential vote and nonvote Presidential vote and nonvote | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Presidential vote, major parties and others Presidential vote (major parties and all ‘other’) | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Presidential vote, two major parties Major party presidential vote (2 party) | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Recalls names of House candidates in district ALL YEARS EXC. 2000: Do you happen to remember the names of the candidates for Congress–that is, for the House of Representatives in Washington– [1996-LATER: Who ran in the November election from this district?] that ran in this district in November? | ANES | 1958–2000 | 19 |
| Party of presidential vote in last election [Party of presidential candidate chosen in last election] | CES | 2008–2025 | 18 |
| Expected winner of the presidential election Who do you think will be elected President in November? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 18 |
| Feeling thermometer: Democratic Party The Democratic Party – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2024 | 18 |
| Feeling thermometer: Republican Party The Republican Party – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2024 | 18 |
| Expectation that the presidential race will be close Do you think the presidential race will be close or will one candidate win by quite a bit? | ANES | 1952–2020 | 18 |
| Intended versus actual presidential vote Reported Pre vote intention/reported Post vote - President | ANES | 1948–2016 | 18 |
| Party given money To which party (did you give money)? | ANES | 1972–2016 | 18 |
| Average party thermometer rating, both major parties Thermometers –both major parties | ANES | 1978–2020 | 17 |
| Timing of presidential vote decision How long before the election did you decide that you were going to vote the way you did? | ANES | 1948–2020 | 17 |
| Major party thermometer index Major party thermometer index | ANES | 1978–2020 | 17 |
| President's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. I’m going to [1996-LATER: Here is a] show you a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) Where would you place [president] on this scale? | ANES | 1972–2012 | 17 |
| Which party would better keep the country out of war [2000: IF ‘DK’ OR ‘NEITHER PARTY’ IS VOLUNTEERED, DO NOT PROBE] | ANES | 1956–2008 | 17 |
| Registered to vote Were you registered to vote in this election? | ANES | 1948–2008 | 17 |
| Which party is more conservative, three categories Would you say that either one of the parties is more conservative than the other at the national level? (IF YES:) Which party is more conservative? | ANES | 1960–2024 | 16 |
| Presidential preference among nonvoters How about the election for president? Did you prefer one of the candidates for president? (IF YES:) Who did you prefer? | ANES | 1952–2020 | 16 |
| Gave money to an individual candidate During an election year people are often asked to make a contribution to support campaigns. Did you give money to an individual candidate running for public office? | ANES | 1980–2016 | 16 |
| Contributed to a political party Did you give money to a political party during this election year? | ANES | 1980–2016 | 16 |
| Cares which party wins the presidential election Generally speaking, would you say that you personally care a good deal which party (1992 and later: who) wins the presidential election this fall, or that you don’t care very much which party (1992 and later: who) wins? | ANES | 1952–2012 | 16 |
| Cares which party wins the House election As you know, representatives to Congress in Washington are being chosen in this election from congressional districts all around the country. How much would you say that you personally care about the way the elections (1996 AND LATER: election) to the U.S. House of Representatives (1970,1974: to Congress) come(s) out: Do you care very much, pretty much, not very much or not at all? | ANES | 1966–2008 | 16 |
| Membership in political clubs D. Political clubs | GSS | 1974–2004 | 16 |
| Knows whether a House candidate was already in office Do you happen to know if [candidate in district where only 1 candidate ran] / either [first candidate in district where 2 candidates ran] or [second candidate in district where 2 candidates ran] was already in the U.S. House of Representatives before the election? | ANES | 1958–2000 | 16 |
| Correct on which House candidate was the incumbent (IF YES AND 2 MAJOR PARTY CANDIDATES IN DISTRICT:) Which {candidate} was that? | ANES | 1958–2000 | 16 |
| Feeling thermometer for the Republican vice-presidential candidate Republican vice-presidential candidate thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 15 |
| Feeling thermometer for the Republican presidential candidate Republican Presidential candidate thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 15 |
| Feeling thermometer for Democratic vice-presidential candidate Democratic vice-presidential candidate thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 15 |
| Feeling thermometer for Democratic presidential candidate Democratic Presidential candidate thermometer | ANES | 1968–2024 | 15 |
| Contacted by someone other than the major parties Other than someone from the two major parties, did anyone else call you up or come around and talk to you about supporting specific candidates in this last election? | ANES | 1980–2020 | 15 |
| Party of candidate given money ALL YEARS: Which party did that candidate belong to? | ANES | 1980–2016 | 15 |
| Straight or split ticket voting in state and local races How about the elections for other state and local offices, did you vote a straight ticket or did you vote for candidates from different parties? | ANES | 1948–1984 | 15 |
| Can identify the job of the chief justice {BEFORE 2004: PAUSE AFTER EACH NAME. RECORD EXACTLY WHAT IS SAID BUT DO NOT PROBE} {2004-LATER: INTERVIEWER: DOUBLE-CHECK THAT SCREEN IS NOT WITHIN VIEW OF THE RESPONDENT. PROBE DON’T KNOWS WITH, “WELL, WHAT’S YOUR BEST GUESS?” DK KEY IS NOT ALLOWED FOR THIS QUESTION} | ANES | 1986–2024 | 14 |
| Likes something about the Republican presidential candidate Is there anything in particular about {REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE} that might make you want to vote for him? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Dislikes something about the Republican presidential candidate Is there anything in particular about {REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE} that might make you want to vote against him? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Dislikes something about the Democratic presidential candidate Is there anything in particular about {DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE} that might make you want to vote against him? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Expected presidential winner in respondent's state How [1996,2004: What] about here in [R’s state]. Which candidate for President do you think will carry this state? (1984,1988,1992, 2004: IF NECESSARY: Which candidate will win in this state?) | ANES | 1952–2024 | 14 |
| Likes something about the Democratic presidential candidate Is there anything in particular about {DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE} that might make you want to vote for him? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Democratic presidential candidate's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Here is a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place [the Democratic Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Anyone talked to respondent about registering or voting During the campaign this year, did anyone talk to you about registering to vote or getting out to vote (1984,1986: or about voting)? | ANES | 1984–2020 | 14 |
| Days in past week discussed politics How many days in the past week did you talk about politics with your family or friend | ANES | 1984–2020 | 14 |
| Thermometer index for presidential candidates Major party Presidential candidate thermometer index | ANES | 1968–2020 | 14 |
| Average thermometer rating of vice-presidential candidates Thermometers– both Major party vice-Presidential candidates | ANES | 1968–2020 | 14 |
| Discusses politics with family and friends Do you ever discuss politics with your family or friends? | ANES | 1984–2020 | 14 |
| Average thermometer rating of presidential candidates Thermometers– both Major party Presidential candidates | ANES | 1968–2020 | 14 |
| Thermometer index for vice-presidential candidates Major party vice-Presidential candidate thermometer index | ANES | 1968–2020 | 14 |
| Contributed to a political action committee Did you give any money to any other group that supported or opposed candidates? | ANES | 1984–2016 | 14 |
| President has made you feel proud President affect: proud | ANES | 1980–2016 | 14 |
| President has made you feel angry President affect: angry | ANES | 1980–2016 | 14 |
| Dislikes about Democratic presidential candidate, number of mentions Is there anything in particular about [Democratic presidential candidate] that might make you want to vote against him? What is that? Anything else? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Relative salience of major party presidential candidates Major party relative salience of Presidential candidates | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Net affect toward Democratic presidential candidate Affect toward Democratic Presidential candidate | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Dislikes about Republican presidential candidate, number of mentions Is there anything in particular about [Republican presidential candidate] that might make you want to vote against him? What is that? Anything else? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Net affect toward major party presidential candidates Net affect toward Major party Presidential candidates | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Likes about Democratic presidential candidate, number of mentions Now I’d like to ask you about the good and bad points of the two (1996 and later: ‘the major’) candidates for President. Is there anything in particular about [Democratic presidential candidate] that might make you want to vote for him? What is that? Anything else? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Salience of Democratic presidential candidate Salience of Democratic Presidential candidate | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Likes about Republican presidential candidate, number of mentions Is there anything in particular about [Republican presidential candidate] that might make you want to vote for him? What is that? Anything else? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Net affect toward Republican presidential candidate Affect toward Republican Presidential candidate | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Salience of major party presidential candidates Major party Presidential candidate salience | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Salience of Republican presidential candidate Salience of Republican Presidential candidate | ANES | 1952–2004 | 14 |
| Recalled House candidate from own or other party Recall summary: does R recall own/other major party candidate? | ANES | 1970–2000 | 14 |
| Party of recalled House candidates Recall summary: major party candidate recalls | ANES | 1970–2000 | 14 |
| Expected closeness of presidential race in state 1980,1984,1988,1992 ONLY: (IF DK) Do you think the Presidential race will be close here in [R’s state] or will one candidate win by quite a bit? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 13 |
| Republican presidential candidate's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Here is a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place [the Republican Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2020 | 13 |
| Democratic Party on government guaranteeing jobs and living standard Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2012 | 13 |
| Republican Party on government guaranteeing jobs and living standard Republican Party - R’s rating of party on jobs/std of living scale | ANES | 1972–2012 | 13 |
| President has made you feel afraid President affect: afraid (of him) | ANES | 1980–2012 | 13 |
| President has made you feel hopeful President affect: hopeful | ANES | 1980–2012 | 13 |
| President described as moral President trait - moral | ANES | 1980–2008 | 13 |
| President described as providing strong leadership President trait - provides strong leadership | ANES | 1980–2008 | 13 |
| President described as knowledgeable President trait - knowledgeable | ANES | 1980–2008 | 13 |
| Democratic Party on government aid to blacks ALL YEARS: Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale} (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–2004 | 13 |
| Republican Party on government aid to blacks Republican Party - R’s rating of party on aid to blacks/minorities scale | ANES | 1970–2004 | 13 |
| Party better at handling most important problem Which political party do you think would be most likely to get the government to do a better job in dealing with this problem (1972: to be helpful on this problem) –the Republicans, the Democrats, or wouldn’t there be much difference between them? | ANES | 1972–2000 | 13 |
| Always voted for the same party for president Have you always voted for the same party or have you voted for different parties for President? | ANES | 1952–1980 | 13 |
| Which party is more conservative, four categories Would you say that either one of the parties is more conservative than the other at the national level? (IF YES:) Which party is more conservative? | ANES | 1970–2020 | 12 |
| Feeling thermometer for senator in state with Senate race Senator not up for re-election in state with Senate race - feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2020 | 12 |
| Republican Party on government services and spending Republican Party - R’s rating of party on government services scale | ANES | 1982–2012 | 12 |
| Democratic Party on government services and spending Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1982–2012 | 12 |
| Correctly names House candidates and their parties (1996-LATER:) What is [NAME’S] party? | ANES | 1978–2000 | 12 |
| Recall of House candidate names, second mention (IF YES:) Who were they? (2ND MENTION) [1996-LATER:] What was (NAME’S) party? | ANES | 1978–2000 | 12 |
| Number of House candidate names correctly recalled Summary: number of correct recalls– U.S. House candidates | ANES | 1978–2000 | 12 |
| Recall of House candidate names, third mention (IF YES:) Who were they? (3RD MENTION) [1996-LATER:] What was (NAME’S) party? | ANES | 1978–2000 | 12 |
| Knew which party won House majority in election Do you happen to know which party elected the most members to the House of representatives in the elections this/last month? | ANES | 1958–1984 | 12 |
| Can identify the job of the vice president {BEFORE 2004: PAUSE AFTER EACH NAME. RECORD EXACTLY WHAT IS SAID BUT DO NOT PROBE} {2004-LATER: INTERVIEWER: DOUBLE-CHECK THAT SCREEN IS NOT WITHIN VIEW OF THE RESPONDENT. PROBE DON’T KNOWS WITH, “WELL, WHAT’S YOUR BEST GUESS?” DK KEY IS NOT ALLOWED FOR THIS QUESTION} | ANES | 1986–2020 | 11 |
| Strength of preference for presidential candidate among voters (ASKED OF Rs WHO VOTED): How about the election for president? Did you vote for a candidate for president? (IF YES) Who did you vote for? Would you say that your preference for this candidate was strong or not strong? | ANES | 1980–2020 | 11 |
| President really cares about people like you President trait - really cares about people like you | ANES | 1984–2008 | 11 |
| Feeling thermometer for Ronald Reagan (2004: And finally, in retrospect,) Ronald Reagan – thermometer | ANES | 1968–2004 | 11 |
| Party with Senate majority before the election Do you happen to know which party had the most members in the U.S. Senate before the election this/last month? (IF NECESSARY: ) Which one? | ANES | 1982–2004 | 11 |
| Self-reported turnout in election 2020: Which of the following statements best describes you? | CES | 2006–2024 | 10 |
| Voted in presidential primary or caucus Did you vote in a presidential primary election or caucus (2012,2016: this year)? | ANES | 1968–2020 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer for Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton – thermometer | ANES | 1992–2016 | 10 |
| Democratic presidential candidate made you feel hopeful Democratic Presidential candidate affect: hopeful | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Republican presidential candidate made you feel proud Republican Presidential candidate affect: proud | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Republican presidential candidate made you feel afraid Republican Presidential candidate affect: afraid (of him) | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Democratic presidential candidate made you feel proud Democratic Presidential candidate affect: proud | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Democratic presidential candidate made you feel angry Democratic Presidential candidate affect: angry | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Democratic presidential candidate made you feel afraid Democratic Presidential candidate affect: afraid (of him/her) | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Republican presidential candidate made you feel hopeful Republican Presidential candidate affect: hopeful | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Republican presidential candidate made you feel angry Republican Presidential candidate affect: angry | ANES | 1980–2016 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer for first senator, no Senate race First Senator in state without Senate race - feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2008 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer for second senator, no Senate race Second Senator in state without Senate race - feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2008 | 10 |
| Republican Party on defense spending Republican Party - R’s rating of party on defense spending | ANES | 1980–2004 | 10 |
| Democratic Party on defense spending Where would you place the Democratic Party on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1980–2004 | 10 |
| Which party favors stronger government, with no opinion Which party do you think is more likely to favor a stronger [1978,1980, 1984: more powerful; 1988,1992: a powerful] government in Washington – the Democrats, the Republicans, or wouldn’t there be any difference between them on this? | ANES | 1964–2000 | 10 |
| Which party favors stronger government Which party do you think is more likely to favor a stronger [1978,1980, 1984: more powerful; 1988,1992: a powerful] government in Washington – the Democrats, the Republicans, or wouldn’t there be any difference between them on this? | ANES | 1964–2000 | 10 |
| Whether people who don't care about the outcome should vote ‘If a person doesn’t (1988: if people don’t) care how an election comes out he (1980,1984: then that person; 1988,1992: they) shouldn’t vote in it.’ | ANES | 1952–1992 | 10 |
| Belongs to a political club or organization Do you belong to any political club or organization? | ANES | 1952–1982 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer for Bill Clinton Bill Clinton – thermometer | ANES | 1992–2016 | 9 |
| President described as intelligent President trait- Intelligent | ANES | 1984–2008 | 9 |
| Whether it matters if I vote when others do Do you AGREE, NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE, or DISAGREE with this statement? | ANES | 1952–2002 | 9 |
| Any contact with House incumbent Think of [incumbent candidate] (who has been the U.S. Representative/who ran for the U.S. House of Representatives) from this district. Have you come into contact with or learned anything about (him/her) through any of these ways? (LIST SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with House challenger Have you come into contact with or learned anything about (him/her) through any of these ways? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Attended meeting where House incumbent spoke RESPONDENT ATTENDED A MEETING OR GATHERING WHERE [incumbent] SPOKE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with Republican House candidate Contact with Republican candidate? (YES/NO) | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Talked to Democratic House candidate's staff RESPONDENT TALKED TO A MEMBER OF [Democratic candidate] STAFF OR SOMEONE IN [Democratic candidate’s] OFFICE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Read about House incumbent in newspaper or magazine RESPONDENT READ ABOUT [incumbent] IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Saw House incumbent on TV RESPONDENT SAW [incumbent] ON TV | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Received mail from House incumbent RESPONDENT RECEIVED SOMETHING IN MAIL FROM [incumbent] | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Talked to House incumbent's staff RESPONDENT TALKED TO A MEMBER OF [incumbent’s] STAFF OR SOMEONE IN [incumbent’s] OFFICE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Heard House incumbent on the radio RESPONDENT HEARD [incumbent] ON THE RADIO | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Met House incumbent personally RESPONDENT MET [incumbent] PERSONALLY | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Number of contacts with Republican House candidate Number of specified contacts made with Republican candidate | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Knows someone who contacted House challenger Do you know anyone, any of your family, friends or people at work, who have had some contact with [challenger] | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Contacted House incumbent to seek information (IF YES: ) Was it to seek information? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Heard Republican House candidate on the radio RESPONDENT HEARD [Republican candidate] ON THE RADIO | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with House incumbent running Contact with running incumbent? (YES/NO) | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Contacted House incumbent to seek help with a problem (IF YES: ) Was it to seek help on a problem (/problem that you had)? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Knows someone who contacted House incumbent Do you know anyone {else} who has contacted [running U.S. House incumbent] or anyone in his/her office? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with Democratic House candidate Contact with Democratic candidate? (YES/NO) | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with challenger to House incumbent Contact with challenger to running incumbent? (YES/NO) | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Knows someone who contacted Republican House candidate Do you know anyone, any of your family, friends or people at work, who have had some contact with [Republican candidate]? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Knows someone who contacted House incumbent Do you know anyone, any of your family, friends or people at work, who have had some contact with [incumbent]? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Met House challenger personally RESPONDENT MET [challenger] PERSONALLY | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Saw Democratic House candidate on TV RESPONDENT SAW [Democratic candidate] ON TV | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Read about Democratic House candidate in print media RESPONDENT READ ABOUT [Democratic candidate] IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Attended event where Republican House candidate spoke RESPONDENT ATTENDED A MEETING OR GATHERING WHERE [Republican candidate] SPOKE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Met Republican House candidate personally RESPONDENT MET [Republican candidate] PERSONALLY | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Talked to staff of Republican House candidate RESPONDENT TALKED TO A MEMBER OF [Republican candidate’s] STAFF OR SOMEONE IN [Republican candidate’s] OFFICE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Number of contacts with challenger to House incumbent Number of specified contacts made with challenger to running incumbent candidate | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Ever contacted running House incumbent or office Have you (or anyone in your family living here) ever contacted [running U.S. House incumbent] or anyone in his/her office? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Attended meeting where House challenger spoke RESPONDENT ATTENDED A MEETING OR GATHERING WHERE [challenger] SPOKE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Received mail from Republican House candidate RESPONDENT RECEIVED SOMETHING IN MAIL FROM [Republican candidate] | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Number of contacts with Democratic House candidate Number of specified contacts made with Democratic candidate | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Read about Republican House candidate in print media RESPONDENT READ ABOUT [Republican candidate] IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Number of contacts with House incumbent running Number of specified contacts made with running incumbent candidate | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Recalls something special House incumbent did for district Do you happen to remember anything special that [running U.S. House incumbent] has done for his/her district or for the people of his/her district while s/he has been in Congress? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Talked to House challenger's staff RESPONDENT TALKED TO A MEMBER OF [challenger’s] STAFF OR SOMEONE IN [challenger’s] OFFICE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Contacted House incumbent to express an opinion (IF YES: ) Was it to express an opinion? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Received mail from House challenger RESPONDENT RECEIVED SOMETHING IN MAIL FROM [challenger] | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Read about House challenger in newspaper or magazine RESPONDENT READ ABOUT [challenger] IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Saw Republican House candidate on TV RESPONDENT SAW [Republican candidate] ON TV | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Heard House challenger on the radio RESPONDENT HEARD [challenger] ON THE RADIO | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with Democratic House candidate Have you come into contact with or learned anything about (him/her) through any of these ways? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Attended meeting where Democratic House candidate spoke SPOKE | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Received mail from Democratic House candidate RESPONDENT RECEIVED SOMETHING IN MAIL FROM [Democratic candidate] | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Knows someone who contacted Democratic House candidate Do you know anyone, any of your family, friends or people at work, who have had some contact with [Democratic candidate]? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Heard Democratic House candidate on the radio RESPONDENT HEARD [Democratic candidate] ON THE RADIO | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Saw House challenger on TV RESPONDENT SAW [challenger] ON TV | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Any contact with Republican House candidate Have you come into contact with or learned anything about (him/her) through any of these ways? | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Met Democratic House candidate personally RESPONDENT MET [Democratic candidate] PERSONALLY | ANES | 1978–1994 | 9 |
| Feeling thermometer for Ted Kennedy Ted Kennedy – thermometer | ANES | 1970–1988 | 9 |
| Feeling thermometer for Richard Nixon Richard Nixon – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1984 | 9 |
| Straight or split ticket voting in state and local races, five categories Howabout the elections for other state and local offices, did you vote a straight ticket or did you vote for candidates from different parties. (IF STRAIGHT TICKET: ) Which party?/ (IF SPLIT TICKET:) How did you split it? | ANES | 1964–1984 | 9 |
| Feeling thermometer: Democrats Democrats – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–1982 | 9 |
| Feeling thermometer: Republicans Republicans – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–1982 | 9 |
| Registered to vote before the election Now how about the election this November. (1952-1964: Do you know if you are; 1968-1980: Are you) registered/eligible so that you could vote in the November election if you wanted to? | ANES | 1952–1980 | 9 |
| Voted on Election Day or before Was that on election day or before election day? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 8 |
| Registered to vote in the November election (Were you/Was name) registered to vote in the November 5, 2024 election? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 8 |
| Can identify the job of the Speaker of the House {BEFORE 2004: PAUSE AFTER EACH NAME. RECORD EXACTLY WHAT IS SAID BUT DO NOT PROBE} {2004-LATER: INTERVIEWER: DOUBLE-CHECK THAT SCREEN IS NOT WITHIN VIEW OF THE RESPONDENT. PROBE DON’T KNOWS WITH, “WELL, WHAT’S YOUR BEST GUESS?” DK KEY IS NOT ALLOWED FOR THIS QUESTION} | ANES | 1992–2024 | 8 |
| How the respondent registered to vote There are various places and ways people can register to vote. The last time (you/name) registered, how did (you/name) register to vote? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 8 |
| Voted in person or by mail Did (you/he/she) vote in person or did (you/he/she) vote by mail? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 8 |
| Voted in the November election In any election, some people are not able to vote because they are sick or busy or have some other reason, and others do not want to vote. Did (you/name) vote in the election held on Tuesday, November 5, 2024? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 8 |
| 2016 presidential vote choice 2017: In the election for U.S. President, who did you vote for? [If reported voting] 2016: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2016–2024 | 8 |
| Voted on election day or earlier Did you vote on election day – that is [date of election] or did you vote at some time before this? | ANES | 1994–2020 | 8 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as moral Democratic Presidential candidate trait - moral | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Republican presidential candidate provides strong leadership Republican Presidential candidate trait - provides strong leadership | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Democratic presidential candidate provides strong leadership Democratic Presidential candidate trait - provides strong leadership | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as knowledgeable Democratic Presidential candidate trait - knowledgeable | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Republican presidential candidate described as knowledgeable Republican Presidential candidate trait - knowledgeable | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Republican presidential candidate described as moral Republican Presidential candidate trait - moral | ANES | 1980–2008 | 8 |
| Republican Party on equal role for women Republican Party - R’s rating of party on equal role for women scale | ANES | 1972–2004 | 8 |
| Democratic Party on equal role for women Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2004 | 8 |
| Feeling thermometer for Jesse Jackson JesseJackson – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1984–2002 | 8 |
| Feeling thermometer for George H. W. Bush George Bush Sr. – thermometer | ANES | 1980–2000 | 8 |
| Feeling thermometer: Political parties Political parties, in general – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1980–2000 | 8 |
| Recalls names of U.S. Senate candidates As you know, there were two Senate races in California this year. Do you happen to remember what the candidates’ names were? | ANES | 1974–1992 | 8 |
| Self-reported voter turnout VOTE VALIDATION STUDY: R Turnout (Self-reported) | ANES | 1964–1990 | 8 |
| Like or dislike of the Democratic Party {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 1996–2024 | 7 |
| Intention to vote in the general election 2020: Do you intend to vote in the 2020 general election on November 3rd? | CES | 2012–2024 | 7 |
| Like or dislike of the Republican Party {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 1996–2024 | 7 |
| Main reason did not vote What was the main reason (you/name) did not vote? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 7 |
| Attended a meeting about a community or school issue During the past twelve months, did you attend a meeting about an issue facing your community or schools? | ANES | 2000–2024 | 7 |
| Main reason not registered to vote Which of the following was the MAIN reason (you/name) (were/was) not registered to vote? | CPS Voting Supplement | 2010–2024 | 7 |
| Interest in economic issues Economic issues and business conditions. (Are you very interested, moderately interested, or not at all interested?) | GSS | 2008–2021 | 7 |
| Worked with others on a community issue During the past 12 months, have you worked with other people to deal with some issue facing your community? | ANES | 2000–2020 | 7 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as intelligent Democratic Presidential candidate trait - intelligent | ANES | 1984–2008 | 7 |
| Republican presidential candidate really cares about people like you Republican Presidential candidate trait - really cares about people like you | ANES | 1984–2008 | 7 |
| How long before election day respondent voted How long before [date of election] did you vote? | ANES | 1994–2008 | 7 |
| Democratic presidential candidate really cares about people like you Democratic Presidential candidate trait - really cares about people like you | ANES | 1984–2008 | 7 |
| Voted in person or by absentee ballot Did you vote in person or by absentee ballot? | ANES | 1994–2008 | 7 |
| President described as inspiring President trait-inspiring | ANES | 1980–1996 | 7 |
| Correct recall of third Senate candidate name Who were they? (3RD MENTION) | ANES | 1978–1992 | 7 |
| Used tax checkoff for political contribution Did you use the one-dollar check-off option on your Federal income tax return to make a political contribution this year?’ | ANES | 1980–1992 | 7 |
| Number of Senate candidate names correctly recalled Summary: number of corrent recalls– U.S. Senate candidates | ANES | 1978–1992 | 7 |
| Correct recall of second Senate candidate name Who were they? (2ND MENTION) | ANES | 1978–1992 | 7 |
| Correct recall of first Senate candidate name Who were they? (1ST MENTION) | ANES | 1978–1992 | 7 |
| Importance of voting when your party can't win ‘It isn’t so important to vote when you know your party doesn’t have any chance to win.’ | ANES | 1952–1980 | 7 |
| Whether many local elections are unimportant ‘A good many local elections aren’t important enough to bother with.’ | ANES | 1952–1980 | 7 |
| Feeling thermometer for George Wallace George Wallace – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1980 | 7 |
| 2020 presidential vote choice [If reported voting] 2024: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2020–2025 | 6 |
| Like or dislike of the Republican presidential candidate Using the same scale, where would you place: -Republican Presidential candidate name- | ANES | 1996–2024 | 6 |
| Like or dislike of the Democratic presidential candidate Using the same scale, where would you place: -Democratic Presidential candidate name- | ANES | 1996–2024 | 6 |
| Interest in international issues International and foreign policy issues. Are you very interested, moderately interested, or not at all interested? | GSS | 2008–2018 | 6 |
| Interest in environmental issues Issues about environmental pollution. (Are you very interested, moderately interested, or not at all interested?) | GSS | 2008–2018 | 6 |
| Interest in farm issues Agricultural and farm issues. (Are you very interested, moderately interested, or not at all interested?) | GSS | 2008–2018 | 6 |
| Republican presidential candidate described as intelligent Republican Presidential candidate trait - intelligent | ANES | 1984–2008 | 6 |
| Feeling thermometer for Al Gore Al Gore – thermometer | ANES | 1992–2002 | 6 |
| Frequency of discussing politics with family and friends How often do you discuss politics with your family or friends – every day, 3 or 4 times a week, once or twice a week, or less often than that? | ANES | 1984–1998 | 6 |
| Feeling thermometer for Robert Dole Robert Dole – thermometer | ANES | 1976–1996 | 6 |
| Self-reported voter registration status VOTE VALIDATION STUDY: R Registration Status (Self-reported) | ANES | 1978–1990 | 6 |
| Feeling thermometer for Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter – thermometer | ANES | 1976–1988 | 6 |
| Feeling thermometer for Walter Mondale Walter Mondale – thermometer | ANES | 1974–1984 | 6 |
| Attention paid to government and politics All the time, most of the time, about half the time, once in a while, or never? | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Republican presidential candidate provides strong leadership (Does this phrase describe -Republican Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Democratic presidential candidate is honest (Does this phrase describe -Democratic Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Republican presidential candidate is honest (Does this phrase describe -Republican Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Republican presidential candidate is knowledgeable (Does this phrase describe -Republican Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Democratic presidential candidate really cares about people like you (Does this phrase describe -Democratic Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Personal interest in politics How interested would you say you personally are in politics? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 5 |
| Democratic presidential candidate is knowledgeable (Does this phrase describe -Democratic Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Republican presidential candidate really cares about people like you (Does this phrase describe -Republican Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Democratic presidential candidate provides strong leadership (Does this phrase describe -Democratic Presidential candidate name- extremely well, very well, moderately well, slightly well, or not well at all?)] | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Democratic Party placement on left-right scale {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 5 |
| Republican Party placement on left-right scale {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 5 |
| 2012 presidential vote choice 2012: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? 2016: In 2012, who did you vote for in the election for President? [see guide for wording in all years] | CES | 2012–2016 | 5 |
| 2008 presidential vote choice 2008: For which candidate for President of the United States did you vote? [see guide for wording in all years] | CES | 2008–2012 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer for Dan Quayle Dan Quayle – thermometer | ANES | 1988–1998 | 5 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as inspiring Democratic Presidential candidate trait - inspiring | ANES | 1980–1996 | 5 |
| Republican presidential candidate described as inspiring Republican Presidential candidate trait - inspiring | ANES | 1980–1996 | 5 |
| President described as compassionate President trait - compassionate | ANES | 1984–1996 | 5 |
| Voted in the 1984 presidential election E. In 1984, you remember that Mondale ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Reagan for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1985–1989 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1984 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1985–1989 | 5 |
| Vote in 1984 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Mondale or Reagan? | GSS | 1985–1989 | 5 |
| Vote in 1980 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Carter, Reagan, or Anderson? | GSS | 1982–1987 | 5 |
| Voted in the 1980 presidential election D. In 1980, you remember that Carter ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Reagan for the Republicans, and anderson as an Independent. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1982–1987 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1980 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1982–1987 | 5 |
| Party of registration, post-election Were you registered in this election as being a Republican, a Democrat, an Independent or what? | ANES | 1978–1986 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer for George McGovern George Mcgovern – thermometer | ANES | 1970–1984 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer for Gerald Ford Gerald Ford – thermometer | ANES | 1974–1984 | 5 |
| Republican Party on rights of the accused Republican Party - R’s rating of party on rights of accused scale | ANES | 1970–1978 | 5 |
| Democratic Party on rights of the accused Some people are primarily concerned with doing everything possible to protect the legal rights of those accused of committing crimes. Others feel that it is more important to stop criminal activity even at the risk of reducing the rights of the accused. Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–1978 | 5 |
| Vote in 1972 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for McGovern or Nixon? | GSS | 1973–1977 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1972 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1973–1977 | 5 |
| Voted in the 1972 presidential election B. In 1972, you remember that McGovern ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Nixon for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1973–1977 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer for Hubert Humphrey Hubert Humphrey – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1976 | 5 |
| Voted in the 2016 presidential election Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Vote in 2016 presidential election Did you vote for Clinton or Trump? | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 2016 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for president, if you had voted? | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Contacted or visited a public official to express an opinion [In the past 12 months,] did [you/[NAME] contact or visit a public official – at any level of government – to express [your/his/her] opinion? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Gave over $25 to a political organization, party, or campaign [In the past 12 months,] did [you/[NAME] give money or possessions with a combined value of more than $25 to a political organization, party, or campaign? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Discussed political or local issues with neighbors [In the past 12 months,] how often did [you/[NAME]] discuss political, societal, or local issues with [your/his/her] neighbors? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Voted in the last local elections [In the past 12 months,] did [you/[NAME] vote in the last local elections, such as for mayor or school board? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Discussed political or local issues with friends or family [In the past 12 months,] how often did [you/[NAME] discuss political, societal, or local issues with friends or family? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Attended a public meeting on a local issue [In the past 12 months,] did [you/[NAME] attend a public meeting, such as a zoning or school board meeting, to discuss a local issue? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Bought or boycotted products over company political values [In the past 12 months,] Did [you/[NAME] buy or boycott products or services based on the political values or business practices of that company? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017–2023 | 4 |
| Whether any party represents respondent's views {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 4 |
| Party that best represents respondent's views {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer for Pat Buchanan Pat Buchanan – thermometer | ANES | 1992–2000 | 4 |
| Vote in 1992 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Clinton, Bush, or Perot? | GSS | 1993–1998 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1992 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1993–1998 | 4 |
| Voted in the 1992 presidential election Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1993–1998 | 4 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as compassionate Democratic Presidential candidate trait - compassionate | ANES | 1984–1996 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1988 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1989–1993 | 4 |
| Vote in 1988 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Dukakis or Bush? | GSS | 1989–1993 | 4 |
| Voted in the 1988 presidential election F. In 1988, you remember that Dukakis ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Bush for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1989–1993 | 4 |
| Knows someone who contacted House representative Do you know anyone {else} who has contacted [retiring OR running U.S. House representative] or anyone in his/her office? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Contacted House representative to seek information (IF YES: ) Was it to seek information? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Contacted House representative to seek help with a problem (IF YES: ) Was it to seek help on a problem? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Ever contacted House representative or office Have you (or anyone in your family living here) ever contacted [retiring OR running U.S. House Representative] or anyone in his/her office? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Recalls something special House representative did for district Do you happen to remember anything special that [retiring OR running U.S. House representative] has done for his/her district or for the people of his/her district while s/he has been in Congress? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Contacted House representative to express an opinion (IF YES: ) Was it to express an opinion? | ANES | 1978–1990 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1976 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1977–1982 | 4 |
| Vote in 1976 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Carter or Ford? | GSS | 1977–1982 | 4 |
| Voted in the 1976 presidential election C. In 1976, you remember that Carter ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Ford for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1977–1982 | 4 |
| Ever wrote a letter to a public official Have you ever written a letter to any public officials giving them your opinion about something that should be done? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 4 |
| Democratic Party on handling urban unrest Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–1976 | 4 |
| Republican Party on handling urban unrest Republican Party - R’s rating of party on urban unrest scale | ANES | 1970–1976 | 4 |
| Americans united or divided on values A. There is a lot of discussion today about whether Americans are divided or united. Some say that Americans are united and in agreement about the most important values. Others think that Americans are greatly divided when it comes to the most important values. What is your view about this? | GSS | 1993–2025 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2012 presidential election 2. Who would you have voted for, for president, if you had voted? | GSS | 2014–2018 | 3 |
| Vote in 2012 presidential election • Did you vote for Obama or Romney? | GSS | 2014–2018 | 3 |
| Voted in the 2012 presidential election L. In 2012, you remember that Obama ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Romney for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2014–2018 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2008 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2010–2014 | 3 |
| Vote in 2008 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Obama or McCain? | GSS | 2010–2014 | 3 |
| Voted in the 2008 presidential election K. In 2008, you remember that Obama ran for President on the Democratic ticket against McCain for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2010–2014 | 3 |
| Vote in 2004 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Kerry or Bush? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Voted in the 2004 presidential election J. In 2004, you remember that Kerry ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Bush for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2004 presidential election J. In 2004, you remember that Kerry ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Bush for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Vote in 2000 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Gore or Bush? | GSS | 2002–2006 | 3 |
| Voted in the 2000 presidential election I. In 2000, you remember that Gore ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Bush for the Republicans . Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2002–2006 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2000 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2002–2006 | 3 |
| Voted in the 1996 presidential election H. In 1996, you remember that Clinton ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Dole for the Republicans and Perot for the Reform Party. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 1998–2002 | 3 |
| Vote in 1996 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Clinton, Bush, or Perot? | GSS | 1998–2002 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 1996 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1998–2002 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for Ross Perot Ross Perot – thermometer | ANES | 1992–1996 | 3 |
| Republican presidential candidate described as compassionate Republican Presidential candidate trait - compassionate | ANES | 1984–1992 | 3 |
| Remembers House incumbent's vote on any bill Was there any bill in particular that you remember how [House running incumbent] voted on in the last couple of years? | ANES | 1986–1990 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for conservatives B. Conservatives | GSS | 1986–1989 | 3 |
| Republican Party on cooperation with Russia Republican Party - R’s rating of party on cooperate with Russia scale | ANES | 1980–1988 | 3 |
| Democratic Party on cooperation with Russia (7-PT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1980–1988 | 3 |
| President described as decent President trait - decent | ANES | 1984–1988 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer: Political independents People who call themselves political independents - feeling thermometer | ANES | 1980–1984 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for Eugene McCarthy Eugene Mccarthy – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1976 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Rockefeller – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1976 | 3 |
| Republican Party on school busing for integration Republican Party - R’s rating of party on school busing scale | ANES | 1972–1976 | 3 |
| Democratic Party on school busing for integration Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–1976 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for Edmund Muskie Edmund Muskie – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1972 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for Spiro Agnew Spiro Agnew – thermometer | ANES | 1968–1972 | 3 |
| 2024 presidential vote choice [If reported voting] 2024: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2024–2025 | 2 |
| Voted in the 2020 presidential election In 2020, you remember that Joe Biden ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Donald Trump for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Vote in 2020 presidential election Did you vote for Joe Biden or Donald Trump? | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Who would have voted for in 2020 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Signed a petition, recency A. Signed a petition | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Importance of choosing products for political or ethical reasons G. To choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more. | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Importance of always voting to being a good citizen A. Always to vote in elections | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Took part in a demonstration C. Took part in a demonstration | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Boycotted or bought products for political reasons B. Boycotted, or deliberately bought, certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Attended a political meeting or rally D. Attended a political meeting or rally | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| How often respondent discusses politics with others When you get together with your friends, relatives or fellow workers, how often do you discuss politics? | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Contacted or appeared in media to express views G. Contacted or appeared in the media to express your views | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Membership in a political party A. A political party | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Importance of being active in associations for good citizenship E. To be active in social or political associations | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Personal interest in politics, four-point scale How interested would you say you personally are in politics? | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Contacted politician or civil servant to express views E. Contacted, or attempted to contact, a politician or a civil servant to express your views | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| How often tries to persuade others to share political views When you hold a strong opinion about politics, how often do you try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share your views? | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Donated money or raised funds for social or political activity F. Donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Bought or boycotted a product over company values Bought or boycotted a certain product or service because of the social or political values of the company that provides it? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| Frequency of discussing politics with family or friends These next questions ask how often (you/NAME) did something during a TYPICAL MONTH in the last 12 months, that is since November 2012. How often did (you/NAME) discuss politics with family or friends – basically every day, a few times a week, a few times a month, once a month, less than once a month, or not at all? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| Contacted a public official to express an opinion I am going to read a list of things some people have done to express their views. Please tell me whether or not (you ave/NAME has) done any of the following in the last 12 months, that is since November 2012: Contacted or visited a public official – at any level of government – to express (your/his/her) opinion? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| Frequency of expressing political opinions on the internet How often, if at all, (have you/has NAME) used the Internet to express (your/his/her) opinions about POLITICAL or COMMUNITY issues within the last 12 months – basically every day, a few times a week, a few times a month, once a month, less than once a month, or not at all? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| How often votes in local elections The first question is about LOCAL elections, such as for mayor or a school board. (Do you/Does NAME) always vote in local elections, (do you/does he/does she) sometimes vote, (do you/does he/does she) rarely vote, or (do you/does he/does she) never vote? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| Discussed political views with others in past year G. Discussed your views about political or social policy issues, current affairs, or political campaigns with other people? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Attended political meeting because of something on the Web C. Attended a political meeting or demonstration? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Visits political websites that match own views A. Visit political sites with points of view that you agree with? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Contacted official because of something learned on the Web B. Contacted a senator, congressman or other elected official to express an opinion? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Visits political sites that challenge own opinions C. Visit sites that challenge your own opinions and provide different perspectives on political affairs? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Political websites lead to changing one's mind C. Visiting such sites leads you to change your mind on issues? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Signed a petition because of something on the Web A. Signed a petition? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Used the web for political information in past year M. Go to a Web site to find information about political or social policy issues, current affairs, or political campaigns? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Political websites strengthen existing opinions B. Visiting such sites tends to strengthen or confirm the opinions you already hold? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Web experience changed view on political issue B. Did your Web experience change your view in any way? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Used the web to learn about political campaigns G. Political campaigns? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Looked for political information in past year H. Looked for information about political or social policy issues, current affairs, or political campaigns? | GSS | 2000–2002 | 2 |
| Democratic presidential candidate described as decent Democratic Presidential candidate trait - decent | ANES | 1984–1988 | 2 |