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| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vote for Democratic or Republican candidate, most recent election | GSS | 1972–2024 | 35 |
| Vote in previous presidential election by party In 2000 Al Gore ran on the Democratic ticket against George W. Bush for the Republicans and Ralph Nader as the Reform party candidate.Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? | ANES | 1948–2020 | 26 |
| Pre-election intended presidential vote 2012 PRE-ELECTION: (IF R IS NOT REGISTERED BUT INTENDS TO REGISTER, OR IF R IS REGISTERED BUT DID NOT VOTE YET:) How about the election for President? Do you intend to vote for a candidate for PRESIDENT? (IF YES:) Who do you think you will vote for? [DEM PRES CAND NAME], [REP PRES CAND NAME], or someone else? | ANES | 1948–2024 | 20 |
| Presidential vote among major candidates (IF R VOTED:) How about the election for President? Did you vote for a candidate for President? (IF YES:) Who did you vote for? | ANES | 1948–2024 | 20 |
| Presidential vote, major parties and others Presidential vote (major parties and all ‘other’) | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Presidential vote, two major parties Major party presidential vote (2 party) | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Presidential vote and nonvote Presidential vote and nonvote | ANES | 1948–2020 | 19 |
| Party of presidential vote in last election [Party of presidential candidate chosen in last election] | CES | 2008–2025 | 18 |
| Expected winner of the presidential election Who do you think will be elected President in November? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 18 |
| Intended versus actual presidential vote Reported Pre vote intention/reported Post vote - President | ANES | 1948–2016 | 18 |
| Timing of presidential vote decision How long before the election did you decide that you were going to vote the way you did? | ANES | 1948–2020 | 17 |
| Presidential preference among nonvoters How about the election for president? Did you prefer one of the candidates for president? (IF YES:) Who did you prefer? | ANES | 1952–2020 | 16 |
| Straight or split ticket voting in state and local races How about the elections for other state and local offices, did you vote a straight ticket or did you vote for candidates from different parties? | ANES | 1948–1984 | 15 |
| Expected presidential winner in respondent's state How [1996,2004: What] about here in [R’s state]. Which candidate for President do you think will carry this state? (1984,1988,1992, 2004: IF NECESSARY: Which candidate will win in this state?) | ANES | 1952–2024 | 14 |
| Expected closeness of presidential race in state 1980,1984,1988,1992 ONLY: (IF DK) Do you think the Presidential race will be close here in [R’s state] or will one candidate win by quite a bit? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 13 |
| Always voted for the same party for president Have you always voted for the same party or have you voted for different parties for President? | ANES | 1952–1980 | 13 |
| Strength of preference for presidential candidate among voters (ASKED OF Rs WHO VOTED): How about the election for president? Did you vote for a candidate for president? (IF YES) Who did you vote for? Would you say that your preference for this candidate was strong or not strong? | ANES | 1980–2020 | 11 |
| Straight or split ticket voting in state and local races, five categories Howabout the elections for other state and local offices, did you vote a straight ticket or did you vote for candidates from different parties. (IF STRAIGHT TICKET: ) Which party?/ (IF SPLIT TICKET:) How did you split it? | ANES | 1964–1984 | 9 |
| 2016 presidential vote choice 2017: In the election for U.S. President, who did you vote for? [If reported voting] 2016: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2016–2024 | 8 |
| 2020 presidential vote choice [If reported voting] 2024: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2020–2025 | 6 |
| 2012 presidential vote choice 2012: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? 2016: In 2012, who did you vote for in the election for President? [see guide for wording in all years] | CES | 2012–2016 | 5 |
| 2008 presidential vote choice 2008: For which candidate for President of the United States did you vote? [see guide for wording in all years] | CES | 2008–2012 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1984 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1985–1989 | 5 |
| Vote in 1984 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Mondale or Reagan? | GSS | 1985–1989 | 5 |
| Vote in 1980 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Carter, Reagan, or Anderson? | GSS | 1982–1987 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1980 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1982–1987 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 1972 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1973–1977 | 5 |
| Vote in 1972 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for McGovern or Nixon? | GSS | 1973–1977 | 5 |
| Who would have voted for in 2016 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for president, if you had voted? | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Vote in 2016 presidential election Did you vote for Clinton or Trump? | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Vote in 1992 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Clinton, Bush, or Perot? | GSS | 1993–1998 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1992 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1993–1998 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1988 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1989–1993 | 4 |
| Vote in 1988 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Dukakis or Bush? | GSS | 1989–1993 | 4 |
| Vote in 1976 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Carter or Ford? | GSS | 1977–1982 | 4 |
| Who would have voted for in 1976 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1977–1982 | 4 |
| Vote in 2012 presidential election • Did you vote for Obama or Romney? | GSS | 2014–2018 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2012 presidential election 2. Who would you have voted for, for president, if you had voted? | GSS | 2014–2018 | 3 |
| Vote in 2008 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Obama or McCain? | GSS | 2010–2014 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2008 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2010–2014 | 3 |
| Vote in 2004 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Kerry or Bush? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2004 presidential election J. In 2004, you remember that Kerry ran for President on the Democratic ticket against Bush for the Republicans. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in that election? 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Vote in 2000 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Gore or Bush? | GSS | 2002–2006 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 2000 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2002–2006 | 3 |
| Vote in 1996 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Clinton, Bush, or Perot? | GSS | 1998–2002 | 3 |
| Who would have voted for in 1996 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE OR INELIGIBLE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1998–2002 | 3 |
| 2024 presidential vote choice [If reported voting] 2024: For whom did you vote for President of the United States? [Post-election] | CES | 2024–2025 | 2 |
| Who would have voted for in 2020 presidential election Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Vote in 2020 presidential election Did you vote for Joe Biden or Donald Trump? | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Who would have voted for in 1968 presidential election 2. IF DID NOT VOTE: Who would you have voted for, for President, if you had voted? | GSS | 1972–1973 | 2 |
| Vote in 1968 presidential election • IF VOTED: Did you vote for Humphrey, Nixon, or Wallace? | GSS | 1972–1973 | 2 |
| 2024 presidential vote intention, Trump or Biden In the November election for President, do you think you will probably vote for Donald Trump, Joe Biden, someone else, or will you probably not vote? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| 2024 presidential vote intention, Trump or Harris In the November election for President, do you think you will probably vote for Donald Trump, Kamala Harris, someone else, or will you probably not vote? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| 2024 presidential vote intention by party, time series (Recode of WHOVOTE24/WHOVOTE24A) | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Used straight-party ticket option when voting Your state offers voters the opportunity to vote a straight party ticket. Did you choose the straight ticket option or did you vote for each specific office separately? | CES | 2018 | 1 |