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Party identification, ideological self-placement, and views of the parties.
| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feeling thermometer: Liberals Liberals – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 25 |
| Feeling thermometer: Conservatives Conservatives – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 25 |
| Important differences between Republicans and Democrats Do you think there are any important differences in what the Republicans and Democrats stand for? | ANES | 1952–2024 | 23 |
| Placement of the Democratic Party on liberal-conservative scale (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 21 |
| Placement of the Republican Party on liberal-conservative scale Republican Party - R’s rating of party on liberal/conservative scale | ANES | 1972–2024 | 21 |
| Number of things liked about the Republican Party What is that? Anything else [you like about the Republican Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Relative salience of the major parties Relative salience of major parties | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the Democratic Party Affect toward Democratic Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the Democratic Party Salience of Democratic Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things disliked about the Republican Party What is that? Anything else [you don’t like about the Republican Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the Republican Party Affect toward Republican Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things disliked about the Democratic Party What is that? Anything else [you don’t like about the Democratic Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the Republican Party Salience of Republican Party | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Number of things liked about the Democratic Party What is that? Anything else [you like about the Democratic Party]? | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Net affect toward the major parties Net affect toward major parties | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Salience of the major parties Major party salience | ANES | 1952–2004 | 20 |
| Dislikes anything about the Democratic Party Is there anything in particular that you don’t like about the Democratic party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Dislikes anything about the Republican Party Is there anything in particular that you don’t like about the Republican party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Likes anything about the Democratic Party Is there anything in particular that you like about the Democratic party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Likes anything about the Republican Party Is there anything in particular that you like about the Republican party? | ANES | 1972–2024 | 19 |
| Feeling thermometer: Democratic Party The Democratic Party – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2024 | 18 |
| Feeling thermometer: Republican Party The Republican Party – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1978–2024 | 18 |
| President's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. I’m going to [1996-LATER: Here is a] show you a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) Where would you place [president] on this scale? | ANES | 1972–2012 | 17 |
| Which party would better keep the country out of war [2000: IF ‘DK’ OR ‘NEITHER PARTY’ IS VOLUNTEERED, DO NOT PROBE] | ANES | 1956–2008 | 17 |
| Which party is more conservative, three categories Would you say that either one of the parties is more conservative than the other at the national level? (IF YES:) Which party is more conservative? | ANES | 1960–2024 | 16 |
| Democratic presidential candidate's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Here is a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place [the Democratic Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 14 |
| Republican presidential candidate's liberal-conservative placement We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Here is a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place [the Republican Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2020 | 13 |
| Republican Party on government guaranteeing jobs and living standard Republican Party - R’s rating of party on jobs/std of living scale | ANES | 1972–2012 | 13 |
| Democratic Party on government guaranteeing jobs and living standard Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2012 | 13 |
| Republican Party on government aid to blacks Republican Party - R’s rating of party on aid to blacks/minorities scale | ANES | 1970–2004 | 13 |
| Democratic Party on government aid to blacks ALL YEARS: Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale} (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–2004 | 13 |
| Party better at handling most important problem Which political party do you think would be most likely to get the government to do a better job in dealing with this problem (1972: to be helpful on this problem) –the Republicans, the Democrats, or wouldn’t there be much difference between them? | ANES | 1972–2000 | 13 |
| Which party is more conservative, four categories Would you say that either one of the parties is more conservative than the other at the national level? (IF YES:) Which party is more conservative? | ANES | 1970–2020 | 12 |
| Democratic Party on government services and spending Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1982–2012 | 12 |
| Republican Party on government services and spending Republican Party - R’s rating of party on government services scale | ANES | 1982–2012 | 12 |
| Democratic Party on defense spending Where would you place the Democratic Party on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1980–2004 | 10 |
| Republican Party on defense spending Republican Party - R’s rating of party on defense spending | ANES | 1980–2004 | 10 |
| Which party favors stronger government Which party do you think is more likely to favor a stronger [1978,1980, 1984: more powerful; 1988,1992: a powerful] government in Washington – the Democrats, the Republicans, or wouldn’t there be any difference between them on this? | ANES | 1964–2000 | 10 |
| Which party favors stronger government, with no opinion Which party do you think is more likely to favor a stronger [1978,1980, 1984: more powerful; 1988,1992: a powerful] government in Washington – the Democrats, the Republicans, or wouldn’t there be any difference between them on this? | ANES | 1964–2000 | 10 |
| Republican Party on equal role for women Republican Party - R’s rating of party on equal role for women scale | ANES | 1972–2004 | 8 |
| Democratic Party on equal role for women Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2004 | 8 |
| Feeling thermometer: Political parties Political parties, in general – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1980–2000 | 8 |
| Like or dislike of the Democratic Party {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 1996–2024 | 7 |
| Like or dislike of the Republican Party {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 1996–2024 | 7 |
| Republican Party placement on left-right scale {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 5 |
| Democratic Party placement on left-right scale {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 5 |
| Party of registration, post-election Were you registered in this election as being a Republican, a Democrat, an Independent or what? | ANES | 1978–1986 | 5 |
| Republican Party on rights of the accused Republican Party - R’s rating of party on rights of accused scale | ANES | 1970–1978 | 5 |
| Democratic Party on rights of the accused Some people are primarily concerned with doing everything possible to protect the legal rights of those accused of committing crimes. Others feel that it is more important to stop criminal activity even at the risk of reducing the rights of the accused. Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–1978 | 5 |
| Whether any party represents respondent's views {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 4 |
| Party that best represents respondent's views {INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON’T KNOW} | ANES | 2004–2020 | 4 |
| Republican Party on handling urban unrest Republican Party - R’s rating of party on urban unrest scale | ANES | 1970–1976 | 4 |
| Democratic Party on handling urban unrest Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–1976 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer for conservatives B. Conservatives | GSS | 1986–1989 | 3 |
| Democratic Party on cooperation with Russia (7-PT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1980–1988 | 3 |
| Republican Party on cooperation with Russia Republican Party - R’s rating of party on cooperate with Russia scale | ANES | 1980–1988 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer: Political independents People who call themselves political independents - feeling thermometer | ANES | 1980–1984 | 3 |
| Republican Party on school busing for integration Republican Party - R’s rating of party on school busing scale | ANES | 1972–1976 | 3 |
| Democratic Party on school busing for integration Where would you place the Democratic Party {on this scale}? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–1976 | 3 |
| Party of registration, pre-election (IF R IS REGISTERED) Are you registered as being a Republican, a Democrat or anything else? | ANES | 1972–1976 | 2 |
| Which party favors cutting military spending Which political party do you think is more in favor of cutting military spending - the Democrats, the Republicans, or wouldn’t there be much difference between them? | ANES | 1972–1976 | 2 |
| Which party controls the U.S. House Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [U.S. House of Representatives] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state senate Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [$inputstate State Senate] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rated ideology of Joe Biden How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Joe Biden] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rating of the Democratic Party How would you rate the Democratic Party? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Rated ideology of Kamala Harris How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Kamala Harris] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. Senate Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [U.S. Senate] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state lower chamber Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [$LowerChamberName] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rated ideology of the Republican Party How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Republican Party] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rated ideology of Donald Trump How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Donald Trump] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rated ideology of the Democratic Party How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Democratic Party] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Rating of the Republican Party How would you rate the Republican Party? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Rating of Joe Biden's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Joe Biden] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. Senate Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [U.S. Senate] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Rating of the Democratic Party's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Democratic Party] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Rating of Donald Trump's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Donald Trump] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. House Which party has a majority of seats in the ... [U.S. House of Representatives] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Rating of the Republican Party's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Republican Party] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state senate Which party has a majority of seats in ... [$inputstate State Senate] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. House Which party has a majority of seats in ... [U.S. House of Representatives] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Rating of Joe Biden's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Joe Biden] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Rating of the Republican Party's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Republican Party] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state lower chamber Which party has a majority of seats in ... [$LowerChamberName] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Rating of the Democratic Party's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Democratic Party] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Rating of Donald Trump's ideology How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Donald Trump] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. Senate Which party has a majority of seats in ... [U.S. Senate] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. Senate Which party has a majority of seats in ... [U.S. Senate] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Ideological placement of the Republican Party How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Republican Party] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Which party controls the U.S. House Which party has a majority of seats in ... [U.S. House of Representatives] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state senate Which party has a majority of seats in ... [$inputstate State Senate] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Which party controls the state lower chamber Which party has a majority of seats in ... [$LowerChamberName] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Ideological placement of Donald Trump How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [Donald Trump] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Ideological placement of the Democratic Party How would you rate each of the following individuals and groups? [The Democratic Party] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Share of acquaintances who are Republicans A. How many of do you think are Republicans? Would you say… | GSS | 2006 | 1 |
| Share of acquaintances who are Democrats B. How many of do you think are Democrats? Would you say… | GSS | 2006 | 1 |
| Which party will do more to help blacks Which party, the Republican or the Democratic, do you feel will Do more to help blacks in the next few years, or do you think there isn't much difference between the two? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |