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Views of racial groups, racial inequality, discrimination, and racial policy.
| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any people of other race living in neighborhood Are there any ("whites" for black respondents, "blacks" for non-black respondents) living in this neighborhood now? | GSS | 1972–2024 | 35 |
| Vote on open housing law Suppose there is a community-wide vote on the general housing issue. There are two possible laws to vote on (READ CATEGORIES A & B). Which law would you vote for? | GSS | 1973–2024 | 26 |
| Government help for Black people Now look at CARD BF. Some people think that Black people have been discriminated against for so long that the government has a special obligation to help improve their living standards. Others believe that the government should not be giving special treatment to Black people.A. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you made up your mind on this? | GSS | 1975–2024 | 26 |
| Black-white gaps due to less in-born ability B. Because most (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) have less in-born ability to learn? | GSS | 1977–2024 | 24 |
| Black-white gaps due to lack of motivation D. Because most (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) just don't have the motivation or will power to pull themselves up out of poverty? | GSS | 1977–2024 | 24 |
| Black-white gaps due to discrimination A. Mainly due to discrimination? |
| GSS |
| 1977–2024 |
| 24 |
| Black-white gaps due to lack of educational chances C. Because most (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) don't have the chance for education that it takes to rise out of poverty? | GSS | 1977–2024 | 24 |
| Government aid to blacks and minorities scale ALL YEARS: Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven’t you thought much about it? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1970–2024 | 22 |
| Laws against Black-white intermarriage A. Do you think there should be laws against marriages between (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) and whites? | GSS | 1972–2002 | 21 |
| Other-race families living close by A. Are there any (Negro/Black/African-American) families living close to you? | GSS | 1972–1994 | 20 |
| Distance to closest other-race neighbors B. How many blocks (or miles) away do they (the (Negro/Black/African-American) families who live closest to you) live? | GSS | 1972–1994 | 20 |
| Whether neighborhood will become all Black or stay integrated C. Do you think this neighborhood will become all (Negro/Black/African-American) in the next few years, or will it remain integrated? | GSS | 1972–1994 | 20 |
| Would vote for a qualified black president If your party nominated a (Negro/Black/African-American) for President, would you vote for him if he were qualified for the job? | GSS | 1972–2010 | 18 |
| Rating of White people as hard-working or lazy • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 17 |
| Rating Blacks as hard-working or lazy 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 17 |
| Black friend brought home for dinner by family member During the last few years, has anyone in your family brought a friend who was a (Negro/Black/African-American) home for dinner? | GSS | 1973–2006 | 17 |
| Favor or oppose racial busing of school children A. In general, do you favor or oppose the busing of (Negro/Black/African-American) and white school children from one school district to another? | GSS | 1972–1996 | 17 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Black B. Living in a neighborhood where half of your neighbors were blacks? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 16 |
| Close relative marrying a Black person What about having a close relative marry a Black person? Would you be very in favor of it happening, somewhat in favor, neither in favor nor opposed to it happening, somewhat opposed, or very opposed to it happening? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 16 |
| Black people should overcome prejudice without special favors B. Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement (HAND CARD TO RESPONDENT): Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Black people should do the same without special favors. | GSS | 1994–2024 | 16 |
| Objection to sending children to mostly other-race school C. IF NO OR DON'T KNOW TO B: Where more than half of the children are (Whites/(Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans)? | GSS | 1972–1996 | 16 |
| Objection to school with a few children of other race A. Would you yourself have any objection to sending your children to a school where a few of the children are | GSS | 1972–1996 | 16 |
| Objection to school where half the children are of other race B. IF NO OR DON'T KNOW TO A: Where half of the children are (Whites/(Negroes/Blacks/African- Americans)? | GSS | 1972–1996 | 16 |
| Rating whites as unintelligent or intelligent • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990–2022 | 15 |
| Rating Black people as unintelligent or intelligent 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990–2022 | 15 |
| President's position on government aid to Blacks Where would you place [president] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN) | ANES | 1970–2012 | 15 |
| Whites' right to keep blacks out of neighborhoods B. White people have a right to keep (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) should respect that right. | GSS | 1972–1996 | 15 |
| Blacks shouldn't push where they're not wanted A. (Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) shouldn't push themselves where they're not wanted. | GSS | 1972–2002 | 14 |
| Favor close relative marrying a white person G. What about having a close relative marry a white person? Would you be very in favor of it happening, somewhat in favor, neither in favor nor opposed to it happening, somewhat opposed, or very opposed to it happening? | GSS | 2000–2024 | 13 |
| Close relative marrying an Asian American person C. An Asian American person? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 13 |
| Democratic presidential candidate on government aid to Blacks Where would you place [the Democratic Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 13 |
| Blacks have gotten less than they deserve ‘Over the past few years blacks have gotten less than they deserve.’ | ANES | 1986–2024 | 13 |
| Republican presidential candidate on government aid to Blacks Where would you place [the Republican Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–2024 | 13 |
| Close relative marrying a Hispanic American person What about having a close relative marry a Hispanic American person? Would you be very in favor of it happening, somewhat in favor, neither in favor nor opposed to it happening, somewhat opposed, or very opposed to it happening? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 13 |
| Blacks should succeed without special favors ‘Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should to the same without any special favors.’ | ANES | 1986–2024 | 13 |
| Government role in school integration (IF YES) Do you think the government in Washington should — | ANES | 1962–2000 | 13 |
| Pace of civil rights efforts How about you: Do you think that civil rights leaders are trying to push too fast, are going too slowly, or are they moving about the right speed? | ANES | 1964–1992 | 13 |
| Conditions make it difficult for Blacks to succeed ‘Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class.’ | ANES | 1986–2024 | 12 |
| Blacks would be as well off if they tried harder ‘It’s really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if blacks would only try harder they could be just as well off as whites.’ | ANES | 1986–2024 | 12 |
| Gone too far in pushing equal rights ‘We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country.’ | ANES | 1984–2012 | 12 |
| How much the position of blacks has changed In the past few years, we have heard a lot about improving the position of black people in this country. How much real change do you think there has been in the position of black people in the past few years: a lot, some, or not much at all? | ANES | 1964–1994 | 12 |
| Attends church with people of another race Do (Blacks/Negroes/African-Americans)/Whites attend the church that you, yourself, attend most often, or not? | GSS | 1978–1994 | 12 |
| Government should ensure fair jobs for Black Americans (IF YES) How do you feel? Should the government in Washington see to it that black people get fair treatment in jobs or is this not the federal government’s business? | ANES | 1964–2012 | 11 |
| Whites rated hardworking or lazy Now I have some questions about different groups in our society. Imagine a seven-point scale on which the characteristics of the people in a group can be rated. In the first question a score of 1 means that you think almost all of the people in that group tend to be “hard-working.” A score of 7 means that you think most people in the group are “lazy.” A score of 4 means that you think that most people in the group are not closer to one end or the other, and of course, you may choose any number in between. | ANES | 1992–2024 | 9 |
| Blacks rated hardworking or lazy Where would you rate blacks on a scale of 1 to 7? (where 1 indicates hard working, 7 means lazy, and 4 indicates most blacks are not closer to one end or the other.) | ANES | 1992–2024 | 9 |
| Hispanic Americans rated hardworking or lazy Where would you rate Hispanic-Americans on a scale of 1 to 7? (where 1 indicates hard working, 7 means lazy, and 4 indicates most blacks are not closer to one end or the other.) | ANES | 1992–2024 | 9 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half white G. Living in a neighborhood where half of your neighbors were whites? | GSS | 2000–2016 | 9 |
| Would try to integrate a segregated social club If you and your friends belonged to a social club that would not let (Whites/Negroes/Blacks) join, would you try to change the rules so that (Whites/(Negroes/Blacks/African-Americans) could join? | GSS | 1977–1994 | 9 |
| Objecting to a Black friend coming to dinner Would you object strongly, mildly, or not at all? | GSS | 1972–1985 | 9 |
| Asian Americans rated hardworking or lazy Where would you rate Asian-Americans on a scale of 1 to 7? (where 1 indicates hard working, 7 means lazy, and 4 indicates most blacks are not closer to one end or the other.) | ANES | 1992–2024 | 8 |
| Rating Hispanics as hard-working or lazy 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 7 |
| Feels discriminated against at work because of race Do you feel in any way discriminated against on your job because of your race or ethnic origin? | GSS | 2002–2022 | 7 |
| Whites and blacks attending the same schools Was the high school you attended all black, integrated - but mostly black, or integrated - but mostly white? | GSS | 1972–1985 | 7 |
| Segregation or desegregation Are you in favor of desegregation, strict segregation, or something in between? | ANES | 1964–1978 | 6 |
| Open housing for blacks Some people say that Negroes should be allowed to live in any part of town they want to. How do you feel? Should Negroes be allowed to live in any part of town they want to, or not? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 6 |
| Rating Hispanics as unintelligent or intelligent 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990–2022 | 5 |
| Whether conditions for Black people have improved In the past few years, do you think conditions for black people have improved, gotten worse, or stayed about the same? | GSS | 1994–2002 | 5 |
| Federal government's current effort on aid to Blacks ALL YEARS: Where would you place what the Federal Government is doing at the present time? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1980–1990 | 5 |
| Busing to achieve school integration There is much discussion about the best way to deal with racial problems. Some people think achieving racial integration of schools is so important that it justifies busing children to schools out of their own neighborhoods. Others think letting children go to their neighborhood schools is so important that they oppose busing. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven’t you thought much about this? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1972–1984 | 5 |
| Perceived white support for segregation in area How about white people in this area? How many would you say are in favor of strict segregation of the races - all of them, most of them, about half, less than half of them, or none of them? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 5 |
| Perceived black support for desegregation in area In general, how many of the black people (1964,1968,1970: Negroes) in this area would you say are in favor of desegregation – all of them, most of them, about half, less than half of them, or none of them? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 5 |
| Racial composition of respondent's friends (IF RESPONDENT IS WHITE:) Are your friends all white, mostly white, about half and half, mostly black, or all black? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 5 |
| Racial composition of respondent's neighborhood (IF RESPONDENT IS WHITE:) Is this neighborhood you live in all white, mostly white, about half and half, mostly black, or all black? | ANES | 1964–1976 | 5 |
| How often people act afraid of you In your day-to-day life how often have any of the following things happened to you? People act as if they are afraid of you. | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| People act as if you are not smart In your day-to-day life how often have any of the following things happened to you? People act as if they think you are not smart. | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Receives poorer service than others at restaurants or stores In your day-to-day life how often have any of the following things happened to you? You receive poorer service than other people at restaurants or stores. | GSS | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Influence of blacks in American politics Would you say that blacks have too much influence in American politics, just about the right amount of influence in American politics, or too little influence in American politics? | ANES | 2008–2020 | 4 |
| Influence of blacks in American life and politics (Would you say they have too much influence, just about the right amount of influence, or too little influence?) | ANES | 1972–2000 | 4 |
| Racial composition of where respondent shops (IF RESPONDENT IS WHITE:) Are the people who shop and trade where you do all white, mostly white, about half and half, mostly black, or all black? | ANES | 1964–1972 | 4 |
| Racial composition of respondent's workplace (IF RESPONDENT IS WHITE:) Are the people who work where you work all white, mostly white, about half and half, mostly black, or all black? | ANES | 1964–1972 | 4 |
| Vote on open housing law, no volunteered option on web Suppose there is a community-wide vote on the general housing issue. There are two possible laws to vote on: One law says that a homeowner can decide whom to sell his house to, even if that homeowner prefers not to sell to someone because of their race or color. The second law says that a homeowner cannot refuse to sell to someone because of their race or color. Which law would you vote for? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Vote on open housing law, volunteered option on web to someone because of their race or color. Which law would you vote for? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Experienced discrimination or unfair treatment in past year During the past 12 months, have you personally experienced discrimination or unfair treatment because of your race, ethnicity, age, religion, disability status, sexual orientation, gender, or gender identity? | Fed SHED | 2019–2021 | 3 |
| Government help for ethnic minorities to preserve customs B. Ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions | GSS | 1996–2014 | 3 |
| Rating Asians as hard-working or lazy 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 3 |
| Government role in fair jobs and housing for blacks If Negroes are not getting fair treatment in jobs and housing, the government should see to it that they do. Do you have an opinion on this or not? (IF YES:) Do you think the government should do this. | ANES | 1956–1960 | 3 |
| Black-white gaps due to discrimination (longer intro) Question | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Black-white gaps due to lack of education (longer intro) Question | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Black-white gaps due to less in-born ability (longer intro) Question | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Black-white gaps due to lack of motivation (longer intro) Question | GSS | 2022–2024 | 2 |
| Experienced discrimination due to race or ethnicity Race or ethnicity - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination due to each of the following characteristics? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Experienced age discrimination in past year Age - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination due to each of the following characteristics? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination when receiving or scheduling medical care Receiving or scheduling medical care - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination with police or government officials Interacting with the police or a government official - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Importance of race for getting ahead I. A person's race -- how important is that? | GSS | 1987–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination while working or applying for a job Working or applying for a job - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Experienced religious discrimination in past year Religion - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination due to each of the following characteristics? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination while banking or applying for a loan Banking or applying for a loan - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination when renting or buying a home Renting or buying a home - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Experienced disability discrimination in past year Disability status - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination due to each of the following characteristics? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination while shopping or dining out Shopping for goods or services, including restaurants - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Discrimination in other activities Other activities not listed (please specify) - In the past 12 months, did you personally experience discrimination or unfair treatment while doing any of the following? | Fed SHED | 2020–2021 | 2 |
| Experienced discrimination in the past year • Discriminated against because of your race or nationality, sex, or for a similar reason. | GSS | 1991–2004 | 2 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Hispanic D. Living in a neighborhood where half of your neighbors were Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Asian American C. Living in a neighborhood where half of your neighbors were Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Shame when traditional literature is ignored for minority authors G. It is a shame when traditional American literature is ignored while other works are promoted because they are by women or by members of minority groups. | GSS | 1993–1998 | 2 |
| Equal opportunity for Blacks is not government's job ‘Equal opportunity for blacks and whites is very important but it’s not really the government’s job to guarantee it.’ | ANES | 1986–1988 | 2 |
| Share of Asian shoppers at childhood supermarket Think about the supermarket where your family shopped. What percentage of the people who shopped at the supermarket belong to each of the following categories? - Asian | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Blacks should work their way up without special favors How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Racial problems are rare, isolated situations Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Racial problems in the U.S. are rare, isolated situations.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Black-white gaps due to upbringing (longer intro) E. Mainly due to upbringing? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Resent Whites denying racial discrimination exists How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [I resent when Whites deny the existence of racial discrimination.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Share of other-race shoppers at childhood supermarket Think about the supermarket where your family shopped. What percentage of the people who shopped at the supermarket belong to each of the following categories? - Some other race | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Black-white gaps due to upbringing E. Mainly due to upbringing? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Share of White shoppers at childhood supermarket Think about the supermarket where your family shopped. What percentage of the people who shopped at the supermarket belong to each of the following categories? - White | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| White people have advantages because of their skin color Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [White people in the U.S. have certain advantages because of the color of their skin.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Share of Latino shoppers at childhood supermarket Think about the supermarket where your family shopped. What percentage of the people who shopped at the supermarket belong to each of the following categories? - Latino | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Slavery and discrimination make it hard for Blacks to advance How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Blacks to work their way out of the lower class.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Share of Black shoppers at childhood supermarket Think about the supermarket where your family shopped. What percentage of the people who shopped at the supermarket belong to each of the following categories? - Black | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Whites don't try to understand problems Black Americans face How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites do not go to great lengths to understand the problems African Americans face.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Whites get away with offenses Black Americans would not How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites get away with offenses that African Americans would never get away with.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Reparations for descendants of enslaved people Do you think descendants of people enslaved in the U.S. should be repaid in some way, such as given land or money? | GSS | 2024 | 1 |
| Black people should overcome prejudice without favors (follow-on) NOTE: This variable originates on the GSS Next follow-on, and should not be analyzed without the GSS Next-specific weights WTSSPS_NEXT or WTSSNRPS_NEXT | GSS | 2022 | 1 |
| Slavery and discrimination make work hard for Black people NOTE: This variable originates on the GSS Next follow-on, and should not be analyzed without the GSS Next-specific weights WTSSPS_NEXT or WTSSNRPS_NEXT | GSS | 2022 | 1 |
| Black people would succeed if they tried harder NOTE: This variable originates on the GSS Next follow-on, and should not be analyzed without the GSS Next-specific weights WTSSPS_NEXT or WTSSNRPS_NEXT | GSS | 2022 | 1 |
| Black people have gotten less than they deserve NOTE: This variable originates on the GSS Next follow-on, and should not be analyzed without the GSS Next-specific weights WTSSPS_NEXT or WTSSNRPS_NEXT | GSS | 2022 | 1 |
| Slavery and discrimination make it hard for Blacks to advance How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Racial problems are rare, isolated situations Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Racial problems in the U.S. are rare, isolated situations.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Resent Whites denying racial discrimination exists How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [I resent when Whites deny the existence of racial discrimination.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Blacks should work their way up without special favors How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Whites do not try to understand problems Blacks face How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites do not go to great lengths to understand the problems African Americans face.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Whites get away with offenses Blacks would not How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites get away with offenses that African Americans would never get away with.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| White people have advantages because of skin color Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [White people in the U.S. have certain advantages because of the color of their skin.] | CES | 2022 | 1 |
| Legacy of slavery's effect on Black Americans today How much, if at all, do you think the legacy of slavery affects the position of black people in American society today? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Resentment when Whites deny racial discrimination exists How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [I resent when Whites deny the existence of racial discrimination.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Blacks should overcome prejudice without special favors How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Whites do not try to understand problems African Americans face How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites do not go to great lengths to understand the problems African Americans face.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Slavery and discrimination make it hard for Blacks to rise How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Racial problems in the U.S. are rare, isolated situations Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Racial problems in the U.S. are rare, isolated situations.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| White people have advantages because of skin color Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [White people in the U.S. have certain advantages because of the color of their skin.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Whites get away with offenses African Americans would not How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Whites get away with offenses that African Americans would never get away with.] | CES | 2020 | 1 |
| Blacks have gotten less than they deserve you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Over the past few years, blacks have gotten less than they deserve. How much do] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Racial problems are rare, isolated situations you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Racial problems in the U.S. are rare, isolated situations. Do] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Blacks could be as well off if they tried harder of some people not trying hard enough, if blacks would only try harder they could be just as well off as whites. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Its really a matter of some people not trying hard] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Blacks should overcome prejudice without special favors you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Irish, Italians, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors. How much do] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| White people have advantages because of skin color you agree or disagree with the following statements? [White people in the U.S. have certain advantages because of the color of their skin. Do] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Slavery and discrimination make it hard for blacks to advance you agree or disagree with the following statements? [Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class. How much do] | CES | 2018 | 1 |
| Spent time with people of a different racial, ethnic, or cultural background In the past 12 months, how often did [you/[NAME] talk to or spend time with people from a racial, ethnic or cultural background that is different than [yours/his/hers]? This may have been in person, over the phone, or through the internet or social media. | CPS Civic Engagement | 2017 | 1 |
| Main reason for discrimination experienced Please select one reason. | GSS | 2016 | 1 |
| White work acquaintances I. How many are white? | GSS | 2006 | 1 |
| Whites as distinct from ethnic minority groups C. Think about Whites in the U.S. compared to ethnic minority groups. To what extent do you agree with the following statement: Whites as a group are very distinct and different from ethnic minority groups. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Ethnic minority groups are very different from one another B. Now think only about ethnic minority groups within the U.S. such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. To what extent do you agree with the following statement. Ethnic minority groups in the U.S. are very distinct and very different from one another. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Harmony best achieved by ignoring ethnic differences A. Harmony in the United States is best achieved by down playing or ignoring ethnic differences. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Ethnic minorities must adapt to mainstream American culture D. In order to have a smoothly functioning society, members of ethnic minorities must better adapt to the ways of mainstream American culture. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Members of an ethnic group tend to be similar A. Individuals who belong to the same ethnic group tend to be fairly similar to one another. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Ethnic minorities never fit in with mainstream culture B. Ethnic minority groups will never really fit in with mainstream American culture. | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Estimated percent of U.S. population that is Black B. Blacks/African-Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Asians from school or college A. Do you know any of these Asians from when you went to school or college? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Black people from the community B. Do you know any of these Blacks from the community where you now live? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Black people from work D. Do you know any of these Blacks from the place where you work? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 8) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 5) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows any Whites from work D. Do you know any of these Whites from the place where you work? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 3) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Black Americans' contribution to the country E. Blacks/African Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent Hispanic in community D. Hispanics? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Expected change in white population share over 25 years A. Whites? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Personally knows any white people A. Whites? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 11) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 13) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Asians from work D. Do you know any of these Asians from the place where you work? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent Asian American in community E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows any Whites as a relative C. Do you know any of these Whites as a relative? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Personally knows any Black people B. Blacks? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Feels close to any Black people known personally E. Are any of these Blacks people that you feel close to? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent of U.S. population that is Asian E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Share of coworkers who are Hispanic How many of the people who work where you work are Hispanic? Are all Hispanic, almost all Hispanic, most Hispanic, about half Hispanic, most not Hispanic, almost none Hispanic, or are none Hispanic? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Blacks' commitment to fair and equal treatment B. Blacks? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Hispanics from community B. Do you know any of these Hispanics from the community where you now live? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Expected change in Black population share in 25 years B. Blacks? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent of U.S. population that is American Indian F. American Indians? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 2) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent American Indian in community F. American Indians | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Asians from the community B. Do you know any of these Asians from the community where you now live? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Black people from school or college A. Do you know any of these Blacks from when you went to school or college? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Hispanics' commitment to fair and equal treatment D. Hispanics or Latin Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 14) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Expected change in Asian American population share E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Has Black relatives C. Do you know any of these Blacks as a relative? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 7) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Hispanics from work D. Do you know any of these Hispanics from the place where you work? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Hispanics from school or college A. Do you know any of these Hispanics from when you went to school or college? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 10) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent Black in community B. Blacks/African-Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Whites' commitment to fair and equal treatment A. Where would you rate Whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent white in community A. Whites? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 9) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows any Whites from school or college A. Do you know any of these Whites from when you went to school or college? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Asian Americans' commitment to fair and equal treatment E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 6) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 12) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percentage of U.S. population that is white A. Whites? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 4) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Expected change in Hispanic share of population D. Hispanics or Latin Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Hispanics as relatives C. Do you know any of these Hispanics as a relative? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Asians as relatives C. Do you know any of these Asians as a relative? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Preferred ethnic mix of neighborhood (house 1) Now I'd like you to imagine a neighborhood that had an ethnic and racial mix you personally would feel most comfortable in. Here is a blank neighborhood card, which depicts some houses that surround your own. Using the letters A for Asian, B for Black, H for Hispanic or Latin American and W for White, please put a letter in each of these houses to represent your preferred neighborhood where you would most like to live. Please be sure to fill in all ofthe houses. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated share of Americans with mixed racial ancestry People may come from one racial group such as being White, Black/African-American, Hispanic, Asian, or American Indian, or people may come from two or more of these groups. What percent of people in the United States today do you think have parents or their ancestors from two or more racial groups? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Feels close to Hispanics personally known E. Are any of these Hispanics people that you feel close to? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Effect of coming ethnic change on the country When you think about these changes in the racial and ethnic make-up of the country in the next 25 years, do you think they will be a very good thing for the country, a good thing, neither good nor bad, a bad thing, or a very bad thing? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Number of good friends who are White or Black How many of your good friends are White/Black? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Has close Black or White friends Are any of your good friends that you feel close to Black/White? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Minority history should be taught by minority teachers Some people say that when the experience of a racial or ethnic minority group is taught in high school or college, it should be taught by a teacher from that group. Do you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Felt admiration for Black people B. How often have you felt admiration for blacks? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Government attention to Black Americans B. Do you think that blacks get more attention from government than they deserve? Would you answer much more attention from government than they deserve, more attention than they deserve, about the right amount of attention, less attention than they deserve, or much less attention from government than they deserve? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Chances family member loses job to less qualified other-race worker A. What do you think the chances are these days that you or anyone in your family won't get a job or promotion while an equally or less qualified (White/(Black/African-American)) employee receives one instead? Would you say the chances of this happening are very likely, somewhat likely, somewhat unlikely, or very unlikely? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Race-based political groups promote separatism Political organizations based on race or ethnicity promote separatism and make it hard for all of us to live together. | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Best represented by leaders of own ethnic background Do you feel that people are best represented in politics by leaders from their own racial or ethnic background, or doesn't the leader's background make very much difference? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Attention whites get from government A. Do you think that white people in this country get much more attention from government than they deserve, more attention than they deserve, about the right amount of attention, less attention than they deserve, or much less attention from government than they deserve? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Government attention to Asian Americans D. Asian-Americans? Would you answer much more attention from government than they deserve, more attention than they deserve, about the right amount of attention, less attention than they deserve, or much less attention from government than they deserve? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Public officials should reflect ethnic makeup of population A. What about people in Congress? Should they have the same racial or ethnic background as their constituents, or should they be considered purely on the basis of their ability without regard to their racial or ethnic background? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Feeling sympathy for Black people A. How often have you felt sympathy for blacks? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Government attention to Hispanic Americans C. Hispanic-Americans? Would you answer much more attention from government than they deserve, more attention than they deserve, about the right amount of attention, less attention than they deserve, or much less attention from government than they deserve? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Public officials should mirror population's ethnic background C. What about students in medical, law, and other professional schools? Should they have roughly the same racial or ethnic background as the people in their area, or should they be considered purely on the basis of their ability without regard to their racial or ethnic background? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Greatest books are universal in their appeal D. The greatest books are universal in their appeal:there is no "white literature," "black literature," or "Asian literature," there is only human literature. | GSS | 1993 | 1 |
| Effect of race or ethnicity on promotion opportunities Do you think your race or ethnic background makes your promotion opportunities better or worse? | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Job discrimination against Hispanic Americans A. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Housing discrimination against Black Americans B. How about for blacks? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Housing discrimination against Hispanic Americans A. Hispanic Americans | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| College scholarships for Black children with good grades C. Provide special college scholarships for black children who maintain good grades. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Job discrimination against Asian Americans C. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Job discrimination against Black Americans B. How about for blacks? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Tax breaks for businesses in largely Black areas A. Giving business and industry special tax breaks for locating in largely black areas. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| More spending on schools in Black neighborhoods B. Spending more money on the schools in black neighborhoods, especially for pre-school and early education programs. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Housing discrimination against Asian Americans C. Asian American? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Law allowing marriage between Blacks and whites F. Do you think the law should allow marriages between blacks and whites? | GSS | 1989 | 1 |
| Law forbidding Black-white marriage C. Do you think the law should forbid marriage between blacks and whites? | GSS | 1989 | 1 |
| Political influence of Black Americans People have different opinions about the amount of influence that various groups have in American life and politics. Do you think that blacks have far too much influence, too much influence, about the right amount of influence, too little influence, or do they far too little influence? | GSS | 1987 | 1 |
| Best way for Black Americans to improve their position People have different ideas about the best way for blacks to improve their position in American life and politics. Some people think that the best way for blacks to improve their position is through civil rights groups, they would be at point 1 on this card. Other people think that the best for way blacks to improve their position is for each individual black to become better trained and more qualified. They would be located at point 7. And other people have opinions somewhere in between. Where would you place yourself on this scale? | GSS | 1987 | 1 |
| Minority opportunities in military versus civilian jobs A. Thinking about opportunities and equal treatment for minority groups, like Blacks and Hispanics - Would you say that their treatment and opportunities are better in the military, better in civilian employment, or that there isn't any difference these days? | GSS | 1984 | 1 |
| Amount of information on race relations issue B. How much information do you have about the race relations issue. Do you have all the information you need, most of the information, some information, or very little information? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| How often respondent and friends think about race relations How often would you say that you and your friends think about race relations? Would you say that you and your friends think about race relations very often, fairly often, occasionally, or almost never? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Importance of race relations issue to respondent A. How important is the race relations issue to you--would you say it is one of the most important, important, not very important, or not important at all? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Firmness of opinion on race relations C. How firm are you about your opinion on race relations--would you say you are very likely to change your opinion, somewhat likely to change, somewhat unlikely to change, or very unlikely to change? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Ever gave money to a race relations organization B. Given money to an organization concerned with this issue? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Ever joined a race relations organization C. Joined an organization concerned with race relations? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Personal concern about race relations How concerned are you personally about race relations? Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, not very concerned, or not concerned at all? | GSS | 1983 | 1 |
| Preferred racial makeup of neighborhood If you could find the housing that you would want and like, would you rather live in a neighborhood that is all black; mostly black; half black, half white; or mostly white? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Trust in white people Do you feel you can trust most white people, some white people, or no white people? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Number of close friends who are white How many of your close friends are white? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Ever boycotted products over treatment of black people Have you ever stopped buying certain products because of the way the company or country which makes them has treated black people? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Black opportunities expected to improve in next five years B. In the next five years, do you think that opportunities for blacks to get ahead will improve, remain about the same, or get worse? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Whether blacks get equally good jobs with same qualifications Do you feel that a black person who has the same education and qualifications can get as good a job as a white person? Would you say... | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Whether Black people can earn as much as equally qualified whites If a black person has the same qualifications as a white person, Do you feel that he or she can make as much money . . . | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Recalled support for busing ten years earlier B. Now, thinking about ten years ago, that is in 1972, did you then favor or oppose the busing of (Negro/Black) and white school children from one school district to another? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Black opportunities improved in last five years A. Do you think the opportunities for blacks to get ahead have improved in the last five years, remained about the same, or gotten worse? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Support for intermarriage laws ten years earlier B. Now thinking about ten years ago, that is in 1972, did you then think there should be laws against marriages between (Negroes/Blacks) and whites? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Own position on government help for minorities A. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this? | GSS | 1980 | 1 |
| Perceived government position on helping minorities B. Where would you place what the federal government is doing at the present time? | GSS | 1980 | 1 |
| Avoiding driving through a Black neighborhood If you were driving through the neighborhoods in a city, would you go out of your way of your way to avoid going through a (Negro/Black/African-American) section? | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Would resign from club that excluded another race A. IF YES: If you could not get the rules changed, do you think you would resign from the club, even if your friends didn't? | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Suburban governments encouraging black home buyers What about the city government in white suburbs? Do you think they should encourage (Negro/Black) people to buy homes in the suburbs, should they discourage them, or should they leave it to private efforts? | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Feeling if close relative married other race How would it make you feel if a close relative of yours were planning to marry a ((Negro/Black)/White)? Would you be very uneasy, somewhat uneasy, or not uneasy at all? | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Special problems with black supervisors of white workers B. You can expect special problems with (Negroes/Black) supervisors getting along with workers that are mostly White. | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Expect special problems in interracial marriages A. You can expect special problems with marriages between (Negroes/Blacks) and Whites. | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Voluntary programs to integrate white suburbs Some religious and business groups have set up programs to encourage (Negro/Black) people to buy houses in white suburbs. Do you favor or oppose these voluntary programs to integrate white suburbs? | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Don't hire teachers who oppose school integration C. A school board should not hire a person to teach if that person belongs to an organization that opposes school integration. | GSS | 1977 | 1 |
| Equal chance at jobs for Black and white people Do you think Negroes should have as good a chance as white people to get any kind of job, or do you think white people should have the first chance at any kind of job? | GSS | 1972 | 1 |
| Objection to black neighbor of same income and education If a Negro with the same income and education as you have, moved into your block, would it make any difference to you? | GSS | 1972 | 1 |