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Now I have some questions about different groups in our society. I’m going to show you a seven-point scale on which the characteristics of the people in a group can be rated. In the first statement a score of 1 means that you think almost all of the people in that group tend to be “hard-working.” A score of 7 means that almost all of the people in the group are “lazy.” A score of 4 means that you think that most people in the group are not closer to one end or the other, and of course you may choose any number in between. Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? 2000 TELEPHONE: Now I have some questions about different groups in our society. Imagine a seven-point scale on which the characteristics of the people in a group can be rated. In the first question a score of 1 means that you think almost all of the people in that group tend to be “hard-working.” A score of 7 means that you think most people in the group are “lazy.” A score of 4 means that you think that most people in the group are not closer to one end or the other, and of course, you may choose any number in between.
Whites rated hardworking or lazy · Asked in 9 waves, 1992–2024 · 30,099 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Kept and flagged: -9 (other_missing), -8 (dk). Codebook notes: Scale administered first for whites, then for other racial groups in random order. 2008 NOTE: ACASI administration
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Hard-working | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Lazy | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2024 Time Series Study Source variable: V242541. | 2024-08-03 to 2025-02-17 | mixed | 5,521 | 4,764 |
| ANES 2020 Time Series Study Source variable: V202515. | 2020-08-18 to 2021-01-04 | mixed | 8,280 | 7,449 |
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V162345. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 3,648 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: stype_hwkwhite. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,510 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V083207a. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,318 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V045222. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,066 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V001574. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,555 |
| ANES 1996 Time Series Study |
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 8% |
| 16% |
| 23% |
| 37% |
| 10% |
| 3% |
| 2% |
| 4764 |
| ±2 |
| Liberals | 5% | 13% | 21% | 46% | 11% | 2% | 2% | 1456 | ±4 |
| Moderates | 8% | 15% | 21% | 35% | 12% | 5% | 4% | 1018 | ±4 |
| Conservatives | 9% | 21% | 26% | 34% | 7% | 2% | 1% | 1666 | ±4 |
ANES 2024 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 1996-09-03 to 1997-01-02 |
| mixed |
| 1,714 |
| 1,534 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V926221. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,255 |