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Thermometers or closeness toward social groups.
| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feeling thermometer: Black people Blacks – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 25 |
| Thermometer rating of liberals and conservatives Liberal/conservative index | ANES | 1964–2020 | 24 |
| Feeling thermometer: White people Whites – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 23 |
| Feeling thermometer: Poor people Poor people – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1972–2016 | 18 |
| Rating of White Americans as rich or poor • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 17 |
| Rating of Black Americans as rich or poor 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 17 |
| Feeling thermometer: Hispanics 1996-later: Hispanics (Hispanic-Americans)– feeling thermometer | ANES | 1976–2024 | 15 |
| Feeling thermometer: Jews Jews – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2024 | 14 |
| Feeling thermometer: People on welfare People on welfare – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1976–2012 | 14 |
| Feeling thermometer: Catholics Catholics – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2012 | 13 |
| Feeling thermometer: Women's libbers 1986,1990,1992,1996: the women’s movement–feeling thermometer | ANES | 1970–2000 | 12 |
| How close respondent feels to whites B. And in general, how close do you feel to Whites? | GSS | 1996–2016 | 11 |
| How close respondent feels to Black people In the past few years, do you think conditions for black people have improved, gotten worse, or stayed about the same? A. In general, how close do you feel to Black people? | GSS | 1996–2016 | 11 |
| Feeling thermometer: Environmentalists 1994-later: environmentalists – thermometer | ANES | 1980–2008 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer for the elderly Older people (or the elderly) – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1974–2004 | 10 |
| Feeling thermometer: Asian Americans Asian-Americans – thermometer | ANES | 1992–2024 | 9 |
| Feeling thermometer: Middle-class people Middle class people – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1972–2012 | 8 |
| Feeling thermometer: Southerners Southerners – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2008 | 8 |
| Rating of Hispanic Americans as rich or poor 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 7 |
| Feeling thermometer: Protestants Protestants – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1964–2002 | 7 |
| Feeling thermometer: Civil rights leaders Civil rights leaders – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1970–1988 | 7 |
| Feeling thermometer: Black militants Black militants – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1970–1986 | 7 |
| Feeling thermometer toward Muslims {PROBE FOR “DON’T KNOW” RESPONSE: when you say don’t know do you mean that you don’t know who this is or do you have something else in mind? | ANES | 2004–2024 | 6 |
| Feeling thermometer toward Christians {PROBE FOR “DON’T KNOW” RESPONSE: when you say don’t know do you mean that you don’t know who this is or do you have something else in mind? | ANES | 2008–2024 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer toward rich people {PROBE FOR “DON’T KNOW” RESPONSE: when you say don’t know do you mean that you don’t know who this is or do you have something else in mind? | ANES | 1998–2016 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer: Young people Young people – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1972–2004 | 5 |
| Feeling thermometer: Radical students Radical students – thermometer | ANES | 1970–1980 | 5 |
| Willingness to work closely with person in vignette D. To have NAME start working closely with you on a job? | GSS | 1996–2024 | 4 |
| Willingness to socialize with person in vignette B. To spend an evening socializing with NAME? | GSS | 1996–2024 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer for women Women – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1976–2004 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer toward Catholics D. Catholics | GSS | 1986–2004 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer toward Protestants C. Protestants | GSS | 1986–2004 | 4 |
| Feeling thermometer for Jews E. Jews | GSS | 1986–2004 | 4 |
| Rating of Asian Americans as rich or poor 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for liberals A. Liberals | GSS | 1986–1989 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer for evangelical groups Evangelical groups active in politics – feeling thermometer | ANES | 1980–1988 | 3 |
| Feeling thermometer: Farmers Farmers – thermometer | ANES | 1972–1980 | 3 |
| Closeness to own ethnic or racial group How close do you feel to your ethnic or racial group? | GSS | 1996–2004 | 2 |
| Rating Jews as unintelligent or intelligent 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Rating of group as unintelligent or intelligent 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Asians rated violence-prone or not 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Whites rated violence-prone or not • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Rating Jews as hard-working or lazy 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Close relative marrying a Jewish person A. A Jewish person? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Jews rated violence-prone or not 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Jewish A. Living in a neighborhood where half of your neighbors were Jews? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Blacks rated violence-prone or not 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Hispanics rated violence-prone or not 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Rating of Jews as rich or poor 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990–2000 | 2 |
| Attitude toward Buddhists What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Buddhists | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Attitude toward Hindus What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Hindus | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Personal attitude toward Jews What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Jews | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Attitude toward Christians What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Christians | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Attitude toward atheists What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Atheists | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Personal attitude toward Muslims What is your personal attitude towards members of the following religious groups? Muslims | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Feeling thermometer toward Muslims F. Muslims | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Importance of ethnic group to sense of self When you think about yourself, how important is your ethnic group membership to your sense of who you are? | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Feelings of warmth toward African Americans A. In general, how warm or cool do you feel towards African Americans? | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Feelings of warmth toward Asian Americans B. In general, how warm or cool do you feel towards Asian Americans? | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Feelings of warmth toward Hispanics C. In general, how warm or cool do you feel towards Hispanics? | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Feelings of warmth toward white Americans D. In general, how warm or cool do you feel towards white or Caucasian Americans? | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| Muslim Americans' contribution to the country L. Muslims? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Jewish Americans' contribution to the country D. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Racial or ethnic group felt to have most in common with Of these groups"whites, blacks, Jews, Hispanics and Latin Americans, Asian Americans, if you had to say, which One (other than your own) do you feel you have the most in common with? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated Jewish share of U.S. population C. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Jews from the community B. Do you know any of these Jews from the community where you now live? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Chinese Americans' contribution to the country C. Chinese? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Japanese Americans' contribution to the country K. Japanese? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Jews from work D. Do you know any of these Jews from the place where you work? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated Hispanic share of U.S. population D. Hispanics? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Blacks' commitment to strong families B. Blacks? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Italian Americans' contribution to the country B. Italians? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Jews' commitment to strong families C. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Feels close to any whites known personally E. Are any of these Whites people that you feel close to? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Expected change in Jewish share of population C. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Puerto Ricans' contribution to the country J. Puerto Ricans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Irish Americans' contribution to the country I. Irish? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Asian Americans' commitment to strong families E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Personally knows any Asian Americans E. Asian Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Hispanics' commitment to strong families D. Hispanics or Latin Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Whites' commitment to strong families A. Where would you rate Whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Jews as a relative C. Do you know any of these Jews as a relative? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Estimated percent Jewish in community C. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows whites from own community B. Do you know any of these Whites from the community where you now live? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Vietnamese Americans' contribution to the country G. Vietnamese? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Feels close to Asians personally known E. Are any of these Asians people that you feel close to? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Knows Jews from school or college A. Do you know any of these Jews from when you went to school or college? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Jews' commitment to fair and equal treatment C. Where would you rate Jews in general on this scale? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Feels close to Jews known personally E. Are any of these Jews people that you feel close to? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| English Americans' contribution to the country A. English? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Personally knows any Hispanics or Latin Americans D. Hispanics or Latin Americans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Personally knows any Jews C. Jews? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Cuban Americans' contribution to the country H. Cubans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Mexican Americans' contribution to the country F. Mexicans? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Group felt to have least in common with Of these groups"whites, blacks, Jews, Hispanics and Latin Americans, Asian Americans, if you had to say, which One (other than your own) do you feel you have the least in common with? | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Extent of ethnic identity across issues B. Do you think of yourself as a(n) (ethnic group or groups specified) on all issues, most issues, some issues, or just a few issues? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| How many issues respondent thinks of self as ethnic E. Do you think of yourself as a(n) (ethnic group or groups specified) on all issues, most issues, some issues, or just a few issues? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Rating of whites as patriotic or unpatriotic • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Close relative marrying a white Northerner (INTERVIEWER: READ OPPOSITE REGION - SOUTH = CENSUS REGIONS - SOUTH ATLANTIC, SOUTH EAST, CENTRAL, SOUTH WEST CENTRAL; NORTH = EVERYWHERE ELSE) | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Asians: self-supporting or live off welfare 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Southern-raised whites F. Living in a neighborhood where half your neighbors were raised in the South? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Whites: self-supporting or live off welfare • Where would you rate whites in general on this scale? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Blacks as patriotic or unpatriotic 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating Southern whites as unintelligent or intelligent 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Feelings about people who want to overthrow government B. People who want to overthrow the government by revolution. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of Black Americans C. Blacks | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Favor living in neighborhood half Northern-raised whites (INTERVIEWER READ OPPOSITE REGION - SOUTH = CENSUS REGIONS - SOUTH ATLANTIC, SOUTH EAST CENTRAL, SOUTH WEST CENTRAL; NORTH = EVERYWHERE ELSE) | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Southerners rated violence-prone or not 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Hispanics: self-supporting or live off welfare 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of Jews B. Jews | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Hispanics as patriotic or unpatriotic 5. Hispanic Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Southerners as rich or poor 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of Southern whites F. Southern Whites | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Jews as patriotic or unpatriotic 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of whites A. Whites | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Blacks: self-supporting or live off welfare 3. Blacks? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of Hispanic Americans E. Hispanic Americans | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Asians as patriotic or unpatriotic 4. Asian Americans? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of a group as hard-working or lazy 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Feelings about people who believe whites are superior C. People who believe whites are racially superior to all other races. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Favor close relative marrying a white Southerner (INTERVIEWER: READ OPPOSITE REGION - SOUTH = CENSUS REGIONS - SOUTH ATLANTIC, SOUTH EAST, CENTRAL, SOUTH WEST CENTRAL; NORTH = EVERYWHERE ELSE) | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Rating of Southerners as patriotic or unpatriotic 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Southerners: self-supporting or live off welfare 6. Southern Whites? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Amount of influence of Asian Americans D. Asian Americans | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Jews: self-supporting or live off welfare 2. Jews? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Conflict between farmers and city people E. Farmers and city people? | GSS | 1987 | 1 |
| Preferred racial name Which would you most like to be called, "Black", "Negro", "Colored", or "Afro- American", or does it make any difference? | GSS | 1982 | 1 |