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Some people say that because of past discrimination blacks should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it gives blacks advantages they haven’t earned. What about your opinion– are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of blacks? (IF FAVOR: ) Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? (IF OPPOSE:) Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly?
Preferential hiring of blacks, with strength of opinion · Asked in 13 waves, 1986–2024 · 35,469 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Dropped only in years where the codebook names a design split (alternate form, half sample, abbreviated or web instrument): 9 in 1986, 1990. Kept and flagged: 7 (dk), 8 (dk), 9 (no_answer). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: See also VCF0867. 1986 NOTE: Respondents were administered 2 versions of the preference question in two forms; data for the alternative version (worded ‘preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it discriminates against whites’) are not included in this variable. 1988 NOTE: Wording matched 1986 alternative wording for all cases; 1988 data are not included here.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Favor strongly | Favor not strongly | Oppose not strongly | Oppose strongly | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2024 Time Series Study Source variable: V242238, V242239, V242240, V242241x. | 2024-08-03 to 2025-02-17 | mixed | 5,521 | 4,964 |
| ANES 2020 Time Series Study Source variable: V202249, V202250, V202251, V202252x. | 2020-08-18 to 2021-01-04 | mixed | 8,280 | 7,449 |
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V162238x,V162238,V162238a. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 3,648 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: aapost_hire_x,aapost_hire. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,510 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V085157,V085157a,V085157b. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,102 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V045207,V045207a. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,064 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V000806. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed |
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 20% |
| 14% |
| 25% |
| 41% |
| 4964 |
| ±2 |
| Democrats | 35% | 20% | 26% | 20% | 1772 | ±3 |
| Independents (incl. leaners) | 16% | 14% | 29% | 42% | 1609 | ±4 |
| Republicans | 6% | 8% | 20% | 66% | 1553 | ±4 |
ANES 2024 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 1,807 |
| 1,799 |
| ANES 1998 Time Series Study Source variable: V980471. | 1998-11-04 to 1998-12-23 | mixed | 1,281 | 1,281 |
| ANES 1996 Time Series Study Source variable: V961209. | 1996-09-03 to 1997-01-02 | mixed | 1,714 | 1,534 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941002. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V925936. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,255 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900464. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 988 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study Source variable: V860476. | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 1,080 |