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| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chance of white person losing job to less qualified Black person What do you think the chances are these days that a white person won't get a job or promotion while an equally or less qualified black person gets one instead? Is this very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely to happen these days? | GSS | 1990–2024 | 17 |
| Preference in hiring and promotion of Black people A. Some people say that because of past discrimination, Black people should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of Black people is wrong because it discriminates against whites. What about your opinion -- are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of Black people? IF FAVORS: A. Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? IF OPPOSES: B. Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? | GSS | 1994–2024 | 16 |
| Preferential hiring and promotion of blacks Some people say that because of past discrimination blacks should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it gives blacks advantages they haven’t earned. What about your opinion– are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of blacks? | ANES | 1986–2024 | 13 |
| Preferential hiring of blacks, with strength of opinion (IF OPPOSE:) Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? | ANES | 1986–2024 | 13 |
| Agree with Supreme Court ban on race in college admissions Do you agree or disagree with each of the following decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States? [The use of race in university admissions violates Equal Protection under the Constitution and is illegal.] | CES | 2024 | 1 |
| Chance of Black person promoted ahead of white person B. What do you think the chances are these days that a white person won't get a job or promotion while a less qualified black person gets one instead? Is this very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely to happen these days. | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Favor preferences in hiring and promoting blacks Some people say that because of past discrimination, blacks should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong because it discriminates against others. What about your opinion--are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of blacks?
IF FOR:Do you favor preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly?
IF AGAINST:Do you oppose preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Chance whites excluded from college for less qualified blacks A. What do you think the chances are these days that a white person won't get admitted to a college or university program while a less qualified black person gets admitted instead? Would you say: very likely, somewhat likely, or not likely. | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| College faculty should reflect students' ethnic background B. What about teachers in public schools or universities? Should they have roughly the same racial or ethnic background as their students, or should they be considered purely on the basis of their ability without regard to their racial or ethnic background? | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Chance whites lose college spot to blacks A. What do you think the chances are these days that a white person won't get admitted to a college or university program while an equally or less qualified black person gets admitted instead? Would you say: very likely, somewhat likely, or not likely. | GSS | 1994 | 1 |
| Belief based on hearing about reverse discrimination elsewhere 5. Heard about it from another source | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Forbid racial quotas in hiring D. Forbidding the use of racial quotas in hiring and employment. | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Workplace has an affirmative action program Does the place where you work have an affirmative action program or make any special effort to hire and promote minorities? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Belief based on experience of someone close 2. Something that happened to a relative, family member, or a close friend | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Belief based on personal experience of reverse discrimination • Something that happened to you personally? | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Belief based on seeing reverse discrimination at work 3. Saw it occurring at work | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Belief based on media reports of reverse discrimination 4. Heard about it on the media | GSS | 1990 | 1 |
| Belief based on other sources of reverse discrimination views 6. Other (SPECIFY) | GSS | 1990 | 1 |