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1986,1990,1994: In past studies we have asked people why they think white people seem to get more of the good things in life in America– such as better jobs and more money–than black people do. These are some of the reasons given by both blacks and whites. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with each reason as to why white people seem to get more of the good things in life. (RESPONDENT BOOKLET SHOWN TO R). 1988,1992: Now looking again at [respondent booklet] for your choices, here are several more statements. (RESPONDENT BOOKLET SHOWN TO R). ALL YEARS: ‘Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class.’
Conditions make it difficult for Blacks to succeed · Asked in 12 waves, 1986–2024 · 34,176 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Dropped only in years where the codebook names a design split (alternate form, half sample, abbreviated or web instrument): 9 in 1986, 1990. Kept and flagged: -8 (dk), 8 (dk), 9 (no_answer). Codebook notes: 1972 NOTE: The 1972 version of this question was not comparable. 1988 NOTE: Placement varied by form.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Agree strongly | Agree somewhat | Neither agree nor disagree | Disagree somewhat | Disagree strongly | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2024 Time Series Study Source variable: V242301. | 2024-08-03 to 2025-02-17 | mixed | 5,521 | 4,964 |
| ANES 2020 Time Series Study Source variable: V202301. | 2020-08-18 to 2021-01-04 | mixed | 8,280 | 7,449 |
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V162212. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 3,648 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: resent_slavery. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,510 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,102 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V045194. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,066 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V001511. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,555 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941051. |
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 24% |
| 25% |
| 16% |
| 17% |
| 18% |
| 4964 |
| ±2 |
| Men | 22% | 26% | 14% | 18% | 20% | 2285 | ±3 |
| Women | 27% | 24% | 18% | 15% | 16% | 2646 | ±3 |
ANES 2024 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 |
| mixed |
| 1,795 |
| 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V926129. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,255 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900523. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 979 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880964. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 1,775 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study Source variable: V860580. | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 1,078 |