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Number of specified contacts made with challenger to running incumbent candidate
Number of contacts with challenger to House incumbent · Asked in 9 waves, 1978–1994 · 11,235 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Dropped as not asked: 8 'Incumbent not running or running unopposed'. Dropped only in years where the codebook names a design split (alternate form, half sample, abbreviated or web instrument): 9 in 1984, 1992. Kept and flagged: 9 (other_missing). Codebook notes: Derived from VCF0920-926. GENERAL NOTE: This variable does not count contacts other than the 7 specified types of contact.
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | No contacts | One contact | Two contacts | Three contacts | Four contacts |
|---|
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,335 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 1,503 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 1,295 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 1,203 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 1,475 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 760 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,011 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,085 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 1,568 |
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Five contacts |
|---|
| Six contacts |
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| Seven contacts |
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| n |
|---|
| MoE |
|---|
| All respondents | 60% | 16% | 11% | 7% | 4% | 2% | 1% | 0% | 1335 | ±3 | |
| Democrats | 64% | 13% | 12% | 6% | 3% | 0% | 1% | – | 451 | ±5 | |
| Independents (incl. leaners) | 62% | 19% | 8% | 6% | 4% | 1% | 1% | – | 477 | ±5 | |
| Republicans | 53% | 15% | 13% | 9% | 5% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 396 | ±5 |
ANES 1994 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ living in households in the contiguous 48 states. Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.