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| Question | Source | Years | Waves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strength of religious affiliation Would you call yourself a strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG) or a not very strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG)? | GSS | 1974–2024 | 32 |
| Belief in life after death Do you believe there is a life after death? | GSS | 1973–2024 | 29 |
| Approval of ban on Bible prayer in public schools A. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that no state or local government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools. What are your views on this--do you approve or disapprove of the court ruling? | GSS | 1974–2024 | 27 |
| How often respondent prays About how often do you pray? USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES. | GSS | 1983–2024 | 24 |
| Feelings about the Bible a. The Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word .....1nb. The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally, word for word ..... .2nc.The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by men ......3 | GSS | 1984–2024 | 23 |
| Importance of religion in respondent's life Do you consider religion to be an important part of your life, or not? | ANES | 1980–2024 | 17 |
| Belief in God I know God really exists and I have no doubts about it...........................6 | GSS | 1988–2024 | 16 |
| Amount of guidance religion provides in daily life (IF RELIGION IS IMPORTANT: ) Would you say that (1996-LATER: Would you say your) religion provides some guidance in your day-to-day living, quite a bit of guidance, or a great deal of guidance in your day-to- day living (1996-LATER: ‘life’)? | ANES | 1980–2016 | 15 |
| Image of God between master and spouse There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–2008 | 13 |
| Image of God as mother or father There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–2008 | 13 |
| Image of God as judge versus lover There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–2008 | 13 |
| Image of God: friend or king There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–2008 | 13 |
| Feeling thermometer: Christian fundamentalists Christian fundamentalists – thermometer | ANES | 1988–2024 | 12 |
| Views on the authority of the Bible Please look at page [page] of the booklet. Which of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about the Bible? You can just give me the number of your choice. (STATEMENTS SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1990–2024 | 12 |
| Frequency of religious activities besides services How often do you take part in the activities and organizations of a church or place of worship other than attending services? | GSS | 1991–2024 | 12 |
| Considers self a born-again Christian Would you call yourself a born-again Christian, that is, have you personally had a conversion experience related to Jesus Christ? | ANES | 1980–2020 | 12 |
| Considers self a religious person To what extent do you consider yourself a religious person? Are you . . . | GSS | 1998–2024 | 11 |
| Considers self a spiritual person To what extent do you consider yourself a spiritual person? Are you . . . | GSS | 1998–2024 | 11 |
| Ever tried to convince someone to accept Jesus Have you ever tried to encourage someone to believe in Jesus Christ or to accept Jesus Christ as his or her savior? | GSS | 1988–2022 | 11 |
| Image of the world as evil or good (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985–2002 | 11 |
| Belief in papal infallibility on faith and morals We are interested in what American Catholics think about religious matters. please select the answer from this card that comes closest to your own personal opinion about the following statement: Under certain conditions, the pope is infallible when he speaks on matters of faith and morals. | GSS | 2004–2022 | 10 |
| Frequency of attending religious services How often do you attend church or religious services? | Household Pulse | 2024 | 9 |
| Strength of opinion on school prayer policy Which of the following views comes closest to your opinion on the issue of school prayer? [1996-LATER: Just give me the number of your choice] (RESPONDENT BOOKLET SHOWN TO R)] Do you favor that choice strongly or not strongly? | ANES | 1986–1998 | 7 |
| School prayer policy, four options Which of the following views comes closest to your opinion on the issue of school prayer? [1996-LATER: Just give me the number of your choice] (RESPONDENT BOOKLET SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1986–1998 | 7 |
| How close the respondent feels to God How close do you feel to God most of the time? Would you say extremely close, somewhat close, not very close, or not close at all? | GSS | 1983–1991 | 7 |
| Authority of the Bible Here are four statements about the Bible and I’d like you to tell me which is closest to your own view. (STATEMENTS SHOWN TO R) | ANES | 1964–1990 | 7 |
| Religious experience that changed your life Did you ever have a religious or spiritual experience that changed your life? | GSS | 1998–2021 | 6 |
| Turning point of new commitment to religion Has there ever been a turning point in your life when you made a new and personal commitment to religion? | GSS | 1991–2010 | 6 |
| How often mother attended religious services A. When you were growing up, how often did your mother (MOTHER SUBSTITUTE) attend religious services? | GSS | 1983–1989 | 6 |
| Change in beliefs about God over time Which best describes your beliefs about God? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 5 |
| Felt close to a powerful spiritual force E. Felt as though you were very close to a powerful, spiritual force that seemed to lift you out of yourself. | GSS | 1983–1991 | 5 |
| School prayer allowed, two options Have you been interested enough in this to favor one side over the other? (IF YES) Which do you think–schools should be allowed to start each day with a prayer or religion does not belong in the schools? | ANES | 1964–1984 | 5 |
| Frequency of prayer outside religious services People practice their religion in different ways. Outside of attending religious services, how often do you pray? | CES | 2018–2024 | 4 |
| Whether a person's situation is caused by God's will F. God's will | GSS | 1996–2024 | 4 |
| Should talk to a religious leader B. Talk to a minister, priest, rabbi or other religious leader | GSS | 1996–2024 | 4 |
| Churches and religious organizations have too much power Do you think that churches and religious organizations in this country have too much power or too little power? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Belief in life after death A. Life after death | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Self-described religiousness Would you describe yourself as. . . | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Mother's religious service attendance in childhood When you were a child, how often did your mother attend religious services? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Religious service attendance at age 12 And what about when you were around 11 or 12, how often did you attend religious services then? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Belief in a God concerned with each person A. There is a God who concerns Himself with every human being personally. | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Religious leaders should not influence how people vote B. Religious leaders should not try to influence how people vote in elections. | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Life is meaningful only because God exists C. To me, life is meaningful only because God exists. | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Father's religious service attendance in childhood When you were a child, how often did your father attend religious services? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Belief in religious miracles E. Religious miracles | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| How often respondent prays, detailed categories Now thinking about the present, about how often do you pray? | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Belief in hell D. Hell | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Belief in heaven C. Heaven | GSS | 1991–2018 | 4 |
| Carrying religious beliefs into other dealings I try hard to carry my religious beliefs over into all my other dealings in life. | GSS | 1998–2010 | 4 |
| Those who violate God's rules must be punished A. Those who violate God's rules must be punished. | GSS | 1988–2010 | 4 |
| Felt in touch with someone who had died D. Felt as though you were really in touch with someone who had died. | GSS | 1984–1991 | 4 |
| Image of afterlife as spiritual or sensual A. People picture life after death in many different ways. We'd like to know how you think of life after death. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of life after death. Look at the first set of contrasting images. If you think that life after death is "A life like the one here on earth only better," you would place yourself at 1. If you think it is "A life without many things which make our present life enjoyable" you would place yourself at 7. If you think it is somewhere between these two you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Where would you place your images of life after death for . . .? | GSS | 1986–1989 | 4 |
| How often spouse attends religious services (USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.) | GSS | 1986–1989 | 4 |
| Image of afterlife: pale and shadowy to fulfilling A. People picture life after death in many different ways. We'd like to know how you think of life after death. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of life after death. Look at the first set of contrasting images. If you think that life after death is "A life like the one here on earth only better," you would place yourself at 1. If you think it is "A life without many things which make our present life enjoyable" you would place yourself at 7. If you think it is somewhere between these two you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Where would you place your images of life after death for . . .? | GSS | 1986–1989 | 4 |
| Image of afterlife as better or lacking compared with earth A. People picture life after death in many different ways. We'd like to know how you think of life after death. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of life after death. Look at the first set of contrasting images. If you think that life after death is "A life like the one here on earth only better," you would place yourself at 1. If you think it is "A life without many things which make our present life enjoyable" you would place yourself at 7. If you think it is somewhere between these two you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Where would you place your images of life after death for . . .? | GSS | 1986–1989 | 4 |
| Strength of religious affiliation (web volunteered) Would you call yourself a strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG) or a not very strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG)? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Country better if religion had less influence C. The U.S. would be a better country if religion had less influence. | GSS | 1998–2024 | 3 |
| Strength of religious affiliation (no web volunteered) Would you call yourself a strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG) or a not very strong (PREFERENCE NAMED IN RELIG)? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Feelings about the Bible, volunteered option on web C.) The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by man. | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Feelings about the Bible, no volunteered option on web C.) The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by man. | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Approval of school prayer ban, volunteered response on web The United States Supreme Court has ruled that no state or local government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools. What are your views on this--do you approve or disapprove of the court ruling? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Belief in life after death, no volunteered response on web Do you believe there is a life after death? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Approval of school prayer ban, no volunteered response on web The United States Supreme Court has ruled that no state or local government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools. What are your views on this--do you approve or disapprove of the court ruling? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Belief in life after death, volunteered response on web Do you believe there is a life after death? | GSS | 2021–2024 | 3 |
| Strongly religious people are too intolerant B. People with very strong religious beliefs are often too intolerant of others. | GSS | 1998–2018 | 3 |
| Religions bring more conflict than peace A. Looking around the world, religions bring more conflict than peace. | GSS | 1998–2018 | 3 |
| Turning point of becoming less committed to religion Has there ever been a turning point in your life when you became less commited to religion? | GSS | 2006–2010 | 3 |
| Religious leaders should not influence government decisions D. Religious leaders should not try to influence government decisions. | GSS | 1991–2008 | 3 |
| Religious or moral groups tried to influence vote Were there any groups concerned with moral or religious issues that tried to encourage you to vote in a particular way? | ANES | 1996–2000 | 3 |
| Relationship of nature to God Please check one box to show which statement is closest to your views. | GSS | 1993–2000 | 3 |
| Political information available at place of worship Was information about candidates, parties, or political issues made available in your place of worship before the election? | ANES | 1996–2000 | 3 |
| Years attended religious school A. How many years did you attend religious schools? | GSS | 1988–1991 | 3 |
| Annual dollars contributed to own religion About how much do you contribute to your religion every year (not including school tuition)? | GSS | 1987–1989 | 3 |
| Felt in touch with someone far away B. Felt as though you were in touch with someone when they were far away from you. | GSS | 1984–1989 | 3 |
| Seen distant events as they happened C. Seen events that happened at a great distance as they were happening. | GSS | 1984–1989 | 3 |
| Feelings about the Bible, version Z d. The Bible was written by men who lived so long ago that it is worth very little today......4 | GSS | 1984–1987 | 3 |
| Image of God as creator versus healer There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–1986 | 3 |
| Image of God as redeemer or liberator There are many different ways of picturing God. We'd like to know the kinds of images you are most likely to associate with God. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of God between the two contrasting images? (HAND CARD AE) The first set of contrasting images shows Mother at 1 on the scale and Father at 7. If you imagine God as a Mother you would place yourself at 1. If you imagine God as a Father, you would place yourself at 7. If you imagine God as somewhere between Mother and Father, you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (REPEAT EXAMPLE AS NECESSARY FOR EACH ITEM A-F, SUBSTITUTING IMAGES A-F FOR "MOTHER" AND "FATHER".) Where would you place your image of God on the scale for . . . READ EACH SET OF IMAGES AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH. | GSS | 1984–1986 | 3 |
| Importance of having faith in God D. Having faith in God. | GSS | 1993–2025 | 2 |
| Visits holy places for religious reasons Would you say… | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Religion helps people make friends B. ...that practicing a religion helps people to make friends? | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Own way of connecting with God without churches Do you agree or disagree with the following...I have my own way of connecting with God without churches or religious services. | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Religious shrine or object displayed at home For religious reasons do you have in your home a shrine, altar, or a religious object on display such as an icon, menorah, or crucifix? | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Religion helps people find comfort in times of trouble C. ...that practicing a religion helps people to gain comfort in times of trouble and sorrow? | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Religious and spiritual self-description What best describes you: | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Belief in supernatural powers of deceased ancestors C. ...in the supernatural powers of deceased ancestors? | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Accepting marriage to relative of different religion A. Would you accept a person from a different religion or with a very different religious view from yours marrying a relative of yours? Would you say… | GSS | 2008–2018 | 2 |
| Membership in a church or religious organization C. A church or other religious organization | GSS | 2004–2014 | 2 |
| Participated in a religious organization, not counting services Next, I will give you a list of types of groups or organizations in which people sometimes participate. (Have you/Has NAME) participated in any of these groups during the last 12 months, that is since November 2012: A church, synagogue, mosque, or other religious institution or organization, NOT COUNTING (your/his/her) attendance. | CPS Civic Engagement | 2011–2013 | 2 |
| Household belongs to a synagogue or temple (Do you/Does someone in your household) belong to a synagogue, temple, minyan, or high holiday congregation? | GSS | 2008–2012 | 2 |
| Had a bar or bat mitzvah as a child Did you have a (bar/bat) mitzvah when you were a child? | GSS | 2008–2012 | 2 |
| Religious leaders' influence on stem cell funding B. Religious leaders. (Would you say a great deal of influence, a fair amount, a little influence, or none at all?) | GSS | 2006–2010 | 2 |
| How much truth there is in religion Which of the following statements come closest to your own views: | GSS | 1998–2008 | 2 |
| Feeling God's presence in daily life A. I feel God's presence. | GSS | 1998–2004 | 2 |
| Experiences deep inner peace or harmony C. I feel deep inner peace or harmony. | GSS | 1998–2004 | 2 |
| Spiritually touched by the beauty of creation F. I am spiritually touched by the beauty of creation. | GSS | 1998–2004 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Friday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Birth of a child strengthened religious faith B. Birth of a child | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Feelings about the Bible, alternate wording Which of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about the Bible? | GSS | 1991–1998 | 2 |
| Attended other religious event in past week C. Attend some other type of religious event or meeting (e.g. prayer breakfasts, Bible study groups, choir practices, church sponsored lectures, adult fellowship meetings)? | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Wednesday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Importance of following church teachings to being a good person C. To follow faithfully the teachings of their church or synagogue. | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Third friend belongs to your congregation 3. Third Person Member of Respondent's Congregation | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| How often respondent read the Bible last year No….…................................2 | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Death in family strengthened religious faith A. Death in the family | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Religious doubts caused by personal suffering B. Personal suffering | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Religious doubts caused by evil in the world A. Evil in the world | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Attended Sunday school growing up When you were growing up, did you attend Sunday school or religious instruction classes regularly, most of the time, some of the time, or never? | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Days attended religious services in past week On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Saturday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Type of religious event attended, second mention 2. Second Mention | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services in the last seven days On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Hours per week watching religious TV About how much time per week, in hours and minutes, do you normally spend watching religious shows on television? | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Type of religious event attended, third mention 3. Third mention | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Thursday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Watched or listened to religious programs in past week B. Watch a religious program on television or listen to a religious program on the radio? | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Importance of regular religious service attendance A. To attend regularly religious services at church or synagogue. | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Second friend belongs to your congregation 2. Second Person Member of Respondent's Congregation | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Monday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended a worship service in the past week A. Attend a regular, weekly worship service at a church/synagogue (e.g. mass or Sunday morning services). Don't include watching a service on TV or listening to one on the radio. | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services in the past week D. Attend religious services? | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| First friend belongs to your congregation • First Person Member of Respondent's Congregation | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Importance of following conscience over church teachings D. To follow one's conscience even if it means going against what the churches or synagogues say and do. | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Attended religious services on Tuesday On what day or days do you attend religious services during the last seven days? (PROBE, ASK UNTIL "NO" IS GIVEN: "Did you attend religious services on any other days during the last seven days?") | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Importance of believing in God without doubt B. To believe in God without question or doubt. | GSS | 1988–1998 | 2 |
| Type of religious event attended, first mention • First mention | GSS | 1996–1998 | 2 |
| Image of God as king J. King | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as liberator K. Liberator | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as healer L. Healer | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife without many earthly joys 4. A life without many things which make our present life enjoyable. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a spiritual life of mind not body 6. A spiritual life, involving our mind but not our body. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a pale, shadowy form of life 5. A pale, shadowy form of life, hardly life at all. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as union with God 9. Union with God. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a paradise of pleasure and delights 7. A paradise of pleasure and delights. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as father G. Father | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as creator Question | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as lover C. Lover | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as reunion with loved ones 10. Reunion with loved ones. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as redeemer B. Redeemer | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a place of loving intellectual communion 8. A place of loving intellectual communion. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife like earth only better 3. A life like the one here on earth only better. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as a friend I. Friend | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a life of intense action 2. A life of intense action. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Likelihood of picturing God as a judge A. Judge | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as spouse H. Spouse | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Afterlife as a life of peace and tranquility • A life of peace and tranquility. | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Image of God as master D. Master | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Likelihood of picturing God as a mother E. Mother | GSS | 1983–1984 | 2 |
| Bible is the highest authority for beliefs The Bible is the highest authority for what I believe. | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Importance of religion in own life How important is religion in your life " very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| How often felt a sense of larger meaning in life How often R felt a sense of larger meaning in life | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Importance of religion in own life How important is religion in your life -- very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| How often felt connected to the world around them How often R felt connected to world around them | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| How often felt part of something larger than self How often R felt part of something larger than themselves | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Jesus' death is the only sacrifice to remove sin Jesus Christ's death on the cross is the only sacrifice that could remove the penalty of my sin. | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Importance of encouraging non-Christians to accept Jesus It is very important for me personally to encourage non-Christians to accept Jesus Christ as their Savior. | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Only those accepting Jesus as Savior achieve salvation Only those who accept Jesus Christ alone as their Savior can achieve eternal salvation. | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| How well being a member of own religion describes you How well does being a member of your religion describe you? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Criticism of own religion feels like personal insult If someone criticized your religion, to what extent would it feel like a personal insult? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Federal government should advocate Christian values The federal government should advocate Christian values. | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Says "we" rather than "they" about own religion When talking about your religion, how often do you say we instead of they? | GSS | 2021 | 1 |
| Government should not interfere with religions spreading faith Governments should not interfere with the attempts of any religion to spread its faith. | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Religion represents the past, not the future In America, religion represents the past and not the future. | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Religion as relevant today as in the past In America, religion is just as relevant to life today as it was in the past. | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| People of different religions cannot get along when living close All things considered, people belonging to different religions cannot get along with each other when living close together. | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Read religious scripture outside services in past year During the last 12 months, have you read or listened to the reading of any holy scripture such as the Bible, Buddhist sutra, Koran, Sruti, Torah, or other religious scripture, not counting any reading that happened during a worship service? | GSS | 2018 | 1 |
| Strength of Jewish affiliation C. Would you call yourself a strong Jew or not a very strong Jew? | GSS | 2012 | 1 |
| Participated in a religious organization, not counting services A church, synagogue, mosque or other religious institution or organization, NOT COUNTING your attendance at religious services? | CPS Civic Engagement | 2010 | 1 |
| Belief in nirvana B. ...in Nirvana? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Sexual advances from clergy since age 18 Now think about church, synagogue, or other religious settings. Since you turned 18, have you ever found yourself the object of sexual advances or propositions from a minister, priest, rabbi, or other clergyperson or religious leader who was not your spouse or significant other? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| We must respect all religions B. We must respect all religions. Would you say… | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Belief in papal infallibility, form 2 Under certain conditions, the pope is infallible when he speaks on matters of faith and morals. | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Leader 1 tried to keep relationship secret A. Did this leader say or do anything to try to keep you from telling other people about the relationship? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Religion helps people meet the right kind of people D. ...that practicing a religion helps people to meet the right kind of people? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Number of religious leaders involved in an experience With how may different leaders has this happened to you? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| First leader was someone R went to for counseling A. Was this leader someone to whom you went for counseling? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told congregation authority about leader experience, first A. Did you ever tell anyone in a position of authority in your congregation, denomination, or religious group about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Third leader was someone R went to for counseling C. Was this leader someone to whom you went for counseling? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told anyone about experience with religious leader, second B. Have you ever told anyone about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Frequency of religious activities besides services How often do you take part in the activities and organizations of a church or place of worship other than attending services? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Religion helps people find inner peace and happiness A. ...that practicing a religion helps people to find inner peace and happiness? Would you say… | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told anyone about experience with religious leader, third C. Have you ever told anyone about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Second leader was someone R went to for counseling B. Was this leader someone to whom you went for counseling? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Belief in reincarnation A. ...in Reincarnation " being reborn in this world again and again? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Accepting a candidate of a different religion B. Would you accept a person from a different religion or with a very different religious view from yours being a candidate of the political party you prefer? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told congregation authority about leader experience, second B. Did you ever tell anyone in a position of authority in your congregation, denomination, or religious group about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Equal rights for all religious groups A. All religious groups in America should have equal rights. Would you say… | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Leader 2 tried to keep relationship secret B. Did this leader say or do anything to try to keep you from telling other people about the relationship? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Made a personal sacrifice as an expression of faith During the last year, did you make some personal sacrifice as an expression of your faith such as by fasting, following a special diet, or giving up some activity during a holy season such as Lent or Ramadan? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told congregation authority about leader experience, third C. Did you ever tell anyone in a position of authority in your congregation, denomination, or religious group about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Happened with a leader in respondent's own congregation Did this happen with a leader in a congregation you were yourself attending? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Told anyone about experience with religious leader, first A. Have you ever told anyone about this experience? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Knows others targeted by clergy sexual advances Do you know of other people who, as adults, were the object of sexual advances or propositions from a minister, priest, rabbi, or other clergyperson or religious leader in a place you were attending religious services? | GSS | 2008 | 1 |
| Share of acquaintances who attend religious services C. How many do you think attend religious services regularly? Would you say… | GSS | 2006 | 1 |
| Coworkers who rarely or never attend religious services L. How many are you pretty certain attend religious services rarely or never? | GSS | 2006 | 1 |
| Statues in Catholic churches are idols A. The statutes and images in Catholic churches are idols. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Finding strength in religion or spirituality A. I find strength in my religion or spirituality | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Changed religion because of a religious experience Did you change religions because of this experience? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Feeling guided by God in daily activities I feel guided by God in the midst of daily activities. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Feeling close to God In general, how close do you feel to God? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Number of born-again experiences How many "born-again" experiences have you had? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change changed goals in life C. Changed your goals in life | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| What triggered religious change, second mention B. Second Mention | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Experiencing a connection to all of life Experience a connection to all of life | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Feeling God's love through others I feel God's love for me, through others. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change altered outlook on life A. Altered your outlook on life? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Number of life-changing religious experiences IF RELEXPER = yes and RELEXP = no, READ: Thinking of the "turning point in your life when you made a new and personal commitment to religion," how many such experiences have you had?
READ IF NEEDED: THAT IS ON HOW MANY DIFFERENT OCCASIONS DID THIS OCCUR?
IF RELEXPER = no and RELEXP = yes, READ: Thinking of the "religious or spiritual experience that changed your life," how many such experiences have you had?
READ IF NEEDED: THAT IS ON HOW MANY DIFFERENT OCCASIONS DID THIS OCCUR?
IF RELEXPER = yes and RELEXP = yes, READ: Thinking of the "turning point in your life when you made a new and personal commitment to religion," and the "religious or spiritual experience that changed your life," how many such experiences have you had?
READ IF NEEDED: THAT IS ON HOW MANY DIFFERENT OCCASIONS DID THIS OCCUR? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Catholic rosaries are superstitious B. Catholic rosaries and holy medals are superstitious. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change improved relations with others D. Positively affected your relations with other people | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Feeling joy during worship During worship, or at other times when connecting with God, I feel joy which lifts me out of my daily concerns. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Number of church-affiliated groups belonged to O. How many church-affiliated groups do you belong to? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Views on origin and development of humans After I read off three statements, please tell me which one comes closest to your views about the origin and development of man. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| What triggered religious change, third mention C. Third Mention | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Age at born-again experience How old were you when this occurred? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Desire to be closer to God I desire to be closer to God or in union with Him. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| What triggered religious change, first mention A. First Mention: What led to, caused, or triggered the relgious or spiritual change? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Membership in church-related groups Besides belonging to a congregation or religion, do you belong to any church-related groups such as a fellowship or study groups, a choir, board, or committee? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change changed life overall F. Changed your life overall | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Age at religious experience How old were you when this occurred? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Feeling God's love directly I feel God's love for me, directly. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Asking for God's help in daily activities I ask for God's help in the midst of daily activities. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Catholics not permitted to think for themselves C. Catholics really are not permitted to think for themselves. | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change altered day-to-day activities E. Changed your day-to-day activities | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Changed religion because of a religious experience Did you change religions because of this experience? | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Finding comfort in religion or spirituality B. I find comfort in my religion or spirituality | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Religious change gave life greater meaning B. Gave you a greater sense that your life was meaningful and significant | GSS | 2004 | 1 |
| Participation in a church or religious group, past year C. A church or other religious organization | GSS | 2002 | 1 |
| How a person lives matters more than being Catholic B. How a person lives is more important than whether or not he or she is Catholic. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Rating of local church's preaching A. Preaching | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Rating of local church worship services E. Worship services | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Rating of local church's sympathetic counseling C. Sympathetic counseling | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Rating of local church's work with young people D. Working with young people | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Inner spiritual peace as part of true freedom C. True freedom is feeling an inner spiritual peace. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Importance of obeying church teachings C. It's important to obey church teachings even if I don't understand them. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Could be just as happy in a non-Catholic church A. I could be just as happy in some other church, it wouldn't have to be Catholic. | GSS | 2000 | 1 |
| Approval of religious images in advertising A. The use of religious "images" in public advertising to sell non-religious commercial products? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Money given to local congregation A. To your local congregation? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Frequency of private prayer How often do you pray privately in places other than at church or synagogue? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Feeling God's love directly or through others E. I feel God's love for me, directly or through others. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping by working with God as a partner B. I work together with God as partners. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Hours spent on religious activities outside home in past month B. In the past month, about how many hours have you spent doing religious services activities outside your home (such as attending religious services, prayer groups, Bible studies, fellowship meetings, church leadership meetings, etc.)? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Finding strength and comfort in religion B. I find strength and comfort in my religion. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping: wondering whether God has abandoned me E. I wonder whether God has abandoned me. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Congregation is critical of respondent How often are the people in your congregation critical of you and the things you do . . . | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Ever shopped around for a church or synagogue As an adult, have you ever shopped around for a church or synagogue--that is, gone to different churches or synagogues or other places of worship in order to compare and decide which one you wanted to attend regularly? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Money given to other religious organizations B. To other religious organizations, programs, or causes? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Forgiven those who hurt me because of faith B. I have forgiven those who hurt me. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping by seeing life as part of a spiritual force A. I think about how my life is part of a larger spiritual force. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Congregation makes too many demands How often do the people in your congregation make too many demands on you . . . | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Belief in a God who watches over me I believe in a God who watches over me. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Approval of athletes thanking God at sports events B. Pro-athletes giving thanks to God during sports events? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping by looking to God for strength and support C. I look to God for strength, support, guidance. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping: feeling God is punishing me D. I feel that God is punishing me for my sins or lack of spirituality. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Forgiven self for past wrongs because of faith A. I have forgiven myself for things that I have done wrong. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Art and music bring us closer to God A. Through such things as art and music, we come closer to God. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Hours spent on religious activities at home in past month A. In the past month, about how many hours have you spent doing religious activities in your home (such as time spent praying, meditating, reading religious books, listening to religious broadcasts, etc.)? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Knowing God forgives me C. I know thatd forgives me. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Congregation comfort when respondent has a problem If you had a problem or were faced with a difficult situation, how much comfort would the people in your congregation be willing to give you? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Congregation help when respondent is ill If you were ill, how much would the people in your congregation help you out? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| How often respondent meditates Within your religious or spiritual tradition, how often do you meditate? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Number of places of worship visited when searching When you most recently looked for a church or synagogue, how many different places of worship did you visit? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Coping without relying on God F. I try to make sense of the situation and decide what to do without relying on God. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Desire to be closer to God D. I desire to be closer to or in union with God. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Looked for a church because of a move Thinking about the time you most recently looked for a church or a synagogue, was it because you had moved? | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Experienced the arts at place of worship Within the past twelve months, have you had any experiences with the arts at your place of worship? I mean activities like viewing performances or exhibits, singing in a choir, or playing an instrument. | GSS | 1998 | 1 |
| Attended church or synagogue in the last seven days Did you, yourself, happen to attend church or synagogue in the last seven days? | GSS | 1996 | 1 |
| Household gave money to religious organizations C. Religious organizations | GSS | 1996 | 1 |
| Value of property donated to religious organizations C. Religious organizations | GSS | 1996 | 1 |
| Money contributed to religious organizations in past year C. Religious organizations | GSS | 1996 | 1 |
| Better if more believers held public office C. It would be better for America if more people with strong religious beliefs held public office. | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Belief in the devil B. The Devil | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Daily prayer in public schools In your opinion, should there be daily prayers in all public schools? | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Course of our lives is decided by God E. The course of our lives is decided by God. | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Politicians who don't believe in God unfit for office A. Politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Right and wrong should be based on God's laws A. Right and wrong should be based on God's laws. | GSS | 1991 | 1 |
| Grade given to own religious group for spiritual needs Using the school grading system of A,B,C,D, and F for Fail, how Do you rate your church or religious group in meeting your spiritual needs? | GSS | 1989 | 1 |
| Member of a church or synagogue No..........(GO TO TVRELIG)........2 | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Number of religious preferences mentioned B. RECORD NUMBER OF RELIGIONS MENTIONED | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Age at first religious switch (1) Age at First Switch | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| First religious preference after age 16 • First Mention | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Marriage strengthened religious faith C. Marriage | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Religious doubts caused by feeling life has no meaning D. Feeling that life really has no meaning | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Importance of the Bible in making life decisions A. The Bible | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Confirmed as church member while growing up Did you ever join a church (synagogue) when you were growing up, that is, become a member by confirmation or such? | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Religious doubts caused by conflict of faith and science C. Conflict of faith and science | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Reason for second religious switch (2) Why second switch made | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Importance of church teachings in making life decisions C. The teachings of your church or synagogue | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Second religious preference after age 16 2. Second Mention | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Reason for first religious switch (1) Why first switch made | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Feeling angry at God versus never angry B. From Often felt agnry to Never felt angry at God | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Ever had a two-year lapse in religious attendance Since you were 16 years old, has there ever been a period of 2 years or more when you did not attend religious services? | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Family says grace before meals At your family meals at home, does anyone say grace or give thanks to God aloud before meals? | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Faith free of doubt versus mixed with doubts A. From Free of Doubt to Mixed with doubts | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Age at second religious switch (2) Age at Second Switch | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Takes part in church activities besides services Do you take part in any of the activities or organizations of your church (synagogue) other than attending service? | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Ever had a different religious preference No..............(GO TO MARELIG) | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Family said grace at meals growing up When you were growing up, did anyone usually say grace or give thanks to God aloud before meals at home? | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Third religious preference after age 16 3. Third Mention | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Intense sexual pleasure strengthened religious faith D. Intense sexual pleasure | GSS | 1988 | 1 |
| Whether church group is the church itself You said you were a member of a church affiliated group. Is that group or organization the church (synagogue) itself, or some other group related to the church? | GSS | 1987 | 1 |
| Image of afterlife: peaceful or full of action A. People picture life after death in many different ways. We'd like to know how you think of life after death. Here is a card with sets of contrasting images. On a scale of 1-7 where would you place your image of life after death. Look at the first set of contrasting images. If you think that life after death is "A life like the one here on earth only better," you would place yourself at 1. If you think it is "A life without many things which make our present life enjoyable" you would place yourself at 7. If you think it is somewhere between these two you would place yourself at 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Where would you place your images of life after death for . . .? | GSS | 1986 | 1 |
| Views on prayer in public schools, version Z Other (SPECIFY). | GSS | 1986 | 1 |
| Image of the world: God is absent or present (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985 | 1 |
| Image of the world as chaotic or harmonious (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985 | 1 |
| Image of the arts as holy or evil (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985 | 1 |
| Image of achievement as revealing God or vain (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985 | 1 |
| Image of the world: the good must act or beware (READ EACH SET AND CIRCLE ONE CODE FOR EACH) | GSS | 1985 | 1 |
| Importance of religion and church in life F. Religion and church. | GSS | 1982 | 1 |
| Views on Bible reading in public schools, version Y B. What are your views on the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools? Do you think it should be required in all public schools, not allowed in any public schools, or that it should be up to each state or local community to decide? | GSS | 1974 | 1 |