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Are you the parent or guardian of any children under the age of 18?
Asked of: All respondents (years in which the item was asked)
Parent of children under 18 · Asked in 18 waves, 2008–2025 · 671,454 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Harmonized across years by the Cumulative CES Common Content (Kuriwaki); response options are collapsed where years differ. See docs/sources/ces.md.
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Yes | No | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 22% | 78% | 60000 | ±0.7 | |
| AK † |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooperative Election Study 2025 | 2025-11-05 to 2025-12-12 | web | 17,000 | 17,000 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2024 | 2024-10-01 to 2024-12-09 | web | 60,000 | 60,000 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2023 | 2023-11-08 to 2023-12-11 | web | 24,500 | 24,457 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2022 | 2022-09-29 to 2022-12-15 | web | 60,000 | 59,926 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2021 | 2021-11-03 to 2021-12-07 | web | 25,700 | 25,637 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2020 | 2020-09-29 to 2020-12-14 | web | 61,000 | 60,923 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2019 | 2019-11-06 to 2019-12-05 | web | 18,000 | 17,976 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2018 | 2018-09-27 to 2018-11-05 | web | 60,000 | 59,872 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2017 | 2017-11-08 to 2017-12-12 | web | 18,200 | 18,129 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2016 |
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 20% |
| 80% |
| 128 |
| ±15 |
| AL | 22% | 78% | 901 | ±6 |
| AR | 24% | 76% | 532 | ±7 |
| AZ | 20% | 80% | 1495 | ±5 |
| CA | 21% | 79% | 4900 | ±2 |
| CO | 22% | 78% | 1055 | ±5 |
| CT | 21% | 79% | 594 | ±6 |
| DC | 20% | 80% | 170 | ±10 |
| DE | 16% | 84% | 219 | ±9 |
| FL | 21% | 79% | 4402 | ±3 |
| GA | 24% | 76% | 2055 | ±4 |
| HI | 26% | 74% | 183 | ±10 |
| IA | 19% | 81% | 615 | ±8 |
| ID | 23% | 77% | 313 | ±11 |
| IL | 22% | 78% | 2320 | ±4 |
| IN | 24% | 76% | 1267 | ±5 |
| KS | 22% | 78% | 502 | ±7 |
| KY | 22% | 78% | 887 | ±5 |
| LA | 22% | 78% | 709 | ±6 |
| MA | 22% | 78% | 1119 | ±5 |
| MD | 24% | 76% | 1068 | ±5 |
| ME | 19% | 81% | 287 | ±7 |
| MI | 21% | 79% | 1951 | ±4 |
| MN | 22% | 78% | 1016 | ±5 |
| MO | 25% | 75% | 1323 | ±5 |
| MS | 24% | 76% | 503 | ±7 |
| MT | 22% | 78% | 231 | ±9 |
| NC | 22% | 78% | 1913 | ±4 |
| ND | 19% | 81% | 114 | ±11 |
| NE | 17% | 83% | 353 | ±9 |
| NH | 23% | 77% | 298 | ±7 |
| NJ | 18% | 82% | 1604 | ±4 |
| NM | 21% | 79% | 422 | ±8 |
| NV | 15% | 85% | 739 | ±7 |
| NY | 21% | 79% | 3453 | ±3 |
| OH | 23% | 77% | 2564 | ±3 |
| OK | 28% | 72% | 701 | ±6 |
| OR | 15% | 85% | 1009 | ±5 |
| PA | 22% | 78% | 3040 | ±3 |
| RI | 21% | 79% | 212 | ±8 |
| SC | 26% | 74% | 992 | ±6 |
| SD | 22% | 78% | 173 | ±9 |
| TN | 24% | 76% | 1371 | ±5 |
| TX | 26% | 74% | 4816 | ±2 |
| UT | 29% | 71% | 507 | ±7 |
| VA | 21% | 79% | 1611 | ±4 |
| VT | 18% | 82% | 124 | ±12 |
| WA | 23% | 77% | 1382 | ±4 |
| WI | 19% | 81% | 1334 | ±5 |
| WV | 22% | 78% | 428 | ±10 |
| WY † | 28% | 72% | 95 | ±14 |
Cooperative Election Study 2024 · US adults 18+ (YouGov opt-in panels, sample-matched to an ACS frame and weighted). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2016-09-28 to 2016-11-07 |
| web |
| 64,600 |
| 64,482 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2015 | 2015-11-06 to 2015-12-03 | web | 14,250 | 14,231 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2014 | 2014-10-01 to 2014-11-03 | web | 56,200 | 56,042 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2013 | 2013-11-06 to 2013-12-03 | web | 16,400 | 16,380 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2012 | 2012-10-01 to 2012-11-05 | web | 54,535 | 54,535 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2011 | 2011-11-09 to 2012-01-07 | web | 20,150 | 20,115 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2010 | 2010-10-01 to 2010-11-01 | web | 55,400 | 55,292 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2009 | 2009-11-05 to 2009-12-14 | web | 13,800 | 13,751 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2008 | 2008-10-08 to 2008-11-03 | web | 32,800 | 32,706 |