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[Based on self-report for immigration status]
Asked of: All respondents (years in which the item was asked)
Citizen or non-citizen · Asked in 18 waves, 2006–2025 · 692,720 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Harmonized across years by the Cumulative CES Common Content (Kuriwaki); response options are collapsed where years differ. See docs/sources/ces.md.
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Citizen | Non-Citizen | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 96% | 4% | 59960 | ±0.7 | |
| AK † |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooperative Election Study 2025 | 2025-11-05 to 2025-12-12 | web | 17,000 | 16,990 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2024 | 2024-10-01 to 2024-12-09 | web | 60,000 | 59,960 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2023 | 2023-11-08 to 2023-12-11 | web | 24,500 | 24,448 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2022 | 2022-09-29 to 2022-12-15 | web | 60,000 | 59,864 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2021 | 2021-11-03 to 2021-12-07 | web | 25,700 | 25,626 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2020 | 2020-09-29 to 2020-12-14 | web | 61,000 | 60,857 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2019 | 2019-11-06 to 2019-12-05 | web | 18,000 | 17,920 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2018 | 2018-09-27 to 2018-11-05 | web | 60,000 | 59,859 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2017 | 2017-11-08 to 2017-12-12 | web | 18,200 | 18,114 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2016 |
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 99% |
| 1% |
| 128 |
| ±15 |
| AL | 99% | 1% | 901 | ±6 |
| AR | 98% | 2% | 531 | ±7 |
| AZ | 98% | 2% | 1495 | ±5 |
| CA | 94% | 6% | 4898 | ±2 |
| CO | 96% | 4% | 1055 | ±5 |
| CT | 95% | 5% | 594 | ±6 |
| DC | 94% | 6% | 170 | ±10 |
| DE | 99% | 1% | 219 | ±9 |
| FL | 92% | 8% | 4395 | ±3 |
| GA | 96% | 4% | 2054 | ±4 |
| HI | 98% | 2% | 183 | ±10 |
| IA | 99% | 1% | 615 | ±8 |
| ID | 100% | 0% | 312 | ±11 |
| IL | 96% | 4% | 2319 | ±4 |
| IN | 97% | 3% | 1266 | ±5 |
| KS | 98% | 2% | 502 | ±7 |
| KY | 100% | 0% | 887 | ±5 |
| LA | 99% | 1% | 709 | ±6 |
| MA | 95% | 5% | 1119 | ±5 |
| MD | 94% | 6% | 1067 | ±5 |
| ME | 99% | 1% | 287 | ±7 |
| MI | 97% | 3% | 1949 | ±4 |
| MN | 98% | 2% | 1014 | ±5 |
| MO | 99% | 1% | 1323 | ±5 |
| MS | 100% | 0% | 502 | ±7 |
| MT | 99% | 1% | 231 | ±9 |
| NC | 96% | 4% | 1911 | ±4 |
| ND | 100% | – | 114 | ±11 |
| NE | 99% | 1% | 352 | ±9 |
| NH | 99% | 1% | 298 | ±7 |
| NJ | 95% | 5% | 1603 | ±4 |
| NM | 100% | 0% | 422 | ±8 |
| NV | 98% | 2% | 738 | ±7 |
| NY | 94% | 6% | 3453 | ±3 |
| OH | 98% | 2% | 2563 | ±3 |
| OK | 97% | 3% | 700 | ±6 |
| OR | 98% | 2% | 1008 | ±5 |
| PA | 98% | 2% | 3037 | ±3 |
| RI | 99% | 1% | 212 | ±8 |
| SC | 97% | 3% | 991 | ±6 |
| SD | 97% | 3% | 173 | ±9 |
| TN | 98% | 2% | 1371 | ±5 |
| TX | 96% | 4% | 4812 | ±2 |
| UT | 97% | 3% | 507 | ±7 |
| VA | 95% | 5% | 1610 | ±4 |
| VT | 100% | – | 124 | ±12 |
| WA | 96% | 4% | 1381 | ±4 |
| WI | 98% | 2% | 1333 | ±5 |
| WV | 99% | 1% | 428 | ±10 |
| WY † | 99% | 1% | 94 | ±14 |
Cooperative Election Study 2024 · US adults 18+ (YouGov opt-in panels, sample-matched to an ACS frame and weighted). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2016-09-28 to 2016-11-07 |
| web |
| 64,600 |
| 64,442 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2014 | 2014-10-01 to 2014-11-03 | web | 56,200 | 56,022 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2013 | 2013-11-06 to 2013-12-03 | web | 16,400 | 16,334 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2012 | 2012-10-01 to 2012-11-05 | web | 54,535 | 54,314 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2011 | 2011-11-09 to 2012-01-07 | web | 20,150 | 20,105 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2010 | 2010-10-01 to 2010-11-01 | web | 55,400 | 55,237 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2009 | 2009-11-05 to 2009-12-14 | web | 13,800 | 13,723 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2008 | 2008-10-08 to 2008-11-03 | web | 32,800 | 32,656 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2006 | 2006-10-07 to 2006-11-08 | web | 36,421 | 36,249 |