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[Based on self-report for immigration status]
Asked of: All respondents (years in which the item was asked)
Citizen or non-citizen · Asked in 18 waves, 2006–2025 · 692,720 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Harmonized across years by the Cumulative CES Common Content (Kuriwaki); response options are collapsed where years differ. See docs/sources/ces.md.
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Citizen | Non-Citizen | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 96% | 4% | 59960 | ±0.7 | |
| Liberals |
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooperative Election Study 2025 | 2025-11-05 to 2025-12-12 | web | 17,000 | 16,990 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2024 | 2024-10-01 to 2024-12-09 | web | 60,000 | 59,960 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2023 | 2023-11-08 to 2023-12-11 | web | 24,500 | 24,448 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2022 | 2022-09-29 to 2022-12-15 | web | 60,000 | 59,864 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2021 | 2021-11-03 to 2021-12-07 | web | 25,700 | 25,626 |
| Cooperative Election Study 2020 | 2020-09-29 to 2020-12-14 | web | 61,000 | 60,857 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2019 | 2019-11-06 to 2019-12-05 | web | 18,000 | 17,920 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2018 | 2018-09-27 to 2018-11-05 | web | 60,000 | 59,859 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2017 | 2017-11-08 to 2017-12-12 | web | 18,200 | 18,114 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2016 |
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| 96% |
| 4% |
| 18730 |
| ±1 |
| Moderates | 96% | 4% | 19951 | ±1 |
| Conservatives | 98% | 2% | 17669 | ±1 |
Cooperative Election Study 2024 · US adults 18+ (YouGov opt-in panels, sample-matched to an ACS frame and weighted). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2016-09-28 to 2016-11-07 |
| web |
| 64,600 |
| 64,442 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2014 | 2014-10-01 to 2014-11-03 | web | 56,200 | 56,022 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2013 | 2013-11-06 to 2013-12-03 | web | 16,400 | 16,334 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2012 | 2012-10-01 to 2012-11-05 | web | 54,535 | 54,314 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2011 | 2011-11-09 to 2012-01-07 | web | 20,150 | 20,105 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2010 | 2010-10-01 to 2010-11-01 | web | 55,400 | 55,237 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2009 | 2009-11-05 to 2009-12-14 | web | 13,800 | 13,723 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2008 | 2008-10-08 to 2008-11-03 | web | 32,800 | 32,656 |
| Cooperative Congressional Election Study 2006 | 2006-10-07 to 2006-11-08 | web | 36,421 | 36,249 |