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1980: Some people feel it is important for us to try very hard to get along with Russia. Others feel it is a big mistake to try too hard to get along with Russia. 1984,1988: Some people feel it is important for us to try to cooperate more with Russia, while others believe we should be much tougher in our dealings with Russia. ALL YEARS: Where would you place [the Democratic Presidential Candidate] on this scale? (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R)
Democratic presidential candidate on cooperating with Russia · Asked in 3 waves, 1980–1988 · 5,704 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Kept and flagged: 0 (other_missing), 8 (dk), 9 (no_answer). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: See NOTE VCF9081.
Shares of everyone asked, counting don't know, refused, and no answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880369. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 2,040 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840410. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,256 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V801079. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,408 |
Shares of everyone asked, counting don't know, refused, and no answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Try to cooperate more with Russia (1984,1988)/ Important to try very hard to get along with Russia(1980) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Get much tougher with Russia (1984,1988)/Big mistake to try too hard to get along with Russia | Code 0 (not in codebook; outside valid range) | DK | NA | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 7% | 10% | 15% | 16% | 8% | 4% | 2% | 17% | 22% | 0% | 2040 | ±2 | |
| Less than high school | 7% | 4% | 6% | 9% | 7% | 6% | 5% | 30% | 25% | – | 441 | ±5 | |
| High school | 6% | 9% | 13% | 17% | 7% | 4% | 2% | 18% | 24% | 0% | 715 | ±4 | |
| Some college | 7% | 11% | 17% | 20% | 9% | 2% | 2% | 12% | 20% | 0% | 450 | ±5 | |
| Bachelor's | 6% | 19% | 23% | 16% | 6% | 3% | 0% | 6% | 20% | – | 280 | ±6 | |
| Postgraduate | 7% | 15% | 34% | 19% | 9% | 1% | – | 2% | 14% | – | 117 | ±9 |
ANES 1988 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ living in households in the contiguous 48 states. Shares of everyone asked, counting don't know, refused, and no answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.