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1952-1964: What is your occupation. I mean, what kind of work do you do? (IF NOT CLEAR OR OBVIOUS [1958,1960,1964 only]:) What exactly do you do on your job? (IF NOT ASCERTAINED:) What kind of business is that? (IF R IS UNEMPLOYED:) What kind of work do you usually do? (IF R IS RETIRED:) What kind of work did you do before you retired? 1968-1970: (IF EMPLOYED OR ON STRIKE:) What kind of work do you do? [What exactly do you do on your job?] (IF UNEMPLOYED OR RETIRED:) What kind of work did you do when you were employed? [What exactly did you do on your job?] 1972-1982: (IF R IS WORKING NOW OR IS TEMPORARILY LAID OFF:) What is your main occupation [What sort of work do you do? Tell me a little more about what you do.] (IF R IS UNEMPLOYED:) What kind of work did you do on your last regular job [What was your occupation?] (IF R IS RETIRED OR DISABLED:) What kind of work did you do when you worked [What was your main occupation?] 1984 AND LATER: (IF R IS WORKING NOW OR IS TEMPORARILY LAID OFF:) What is your main occupation [What sort of work do you do?] What are your most important activities or duties? (IF R IS RETIRED/UNEMPLOYED /DISABLED:) What kind of work did you do on your last regular job [What was your occupation?] What were your most important activities or duties?
Respondent's occupation group, 5 categories · Asked in 23 waves, 1952–2004 · 40,490 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Codes that include 'no Pre/Post IW' were dropped for respondents without that interview. Dropped as not asked: 0 'NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker'. Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: See notes VCF0115. 2008-LATER NOTE: Revised master codes are not comparable to preceding years for collapse into these categories.
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V043260a,V043262p,V043268f. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,186 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V000919,V000980. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,762 |
| ANES 1998 Time Series Study Source variable: V980619,V980628,V980639. | 1998-11-04 to 1998-12-23 | mixed | 1,281 | 1,187 |
| ANES 1996 Time Series Study Source variable: V960676,V960615,V960653,V960665. | 1996-09-03 to 1997-01-02 | mixed | 1,714 | 1,690 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941215,V941223,V941256. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,752 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V923914,V923922,V923955. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,409 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900565,V900595,V900603. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face |
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Professional and managerial | Clerical and sales workers | Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers | Laborers, except farm | Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen | Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation) | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 31% | 25% | 32% | 3% | 2% | 7% | 1186 | ±3 | |
| Democrats | 33% | 24% | 32% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 372 | ±6 | |
| Independents (incl. leaners) | 30% | 22% | 37% | 4% | 2% | 5% | 458 | ±5 | |
| Republicans | 30% | 31% | 24% | 2% | 2% | 11% | 339 | ±6 |
ANES 2004 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ living in households in the contiguous 48 states. Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 1,980 |
| 1,938 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880428,V880458,V880466. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 1,994 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study Source variable: V860614,V860655,V860664. | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 2,124 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840456,V840504,V840516,V840585. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,215 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study Source variable: V820556,V820557,V820572,V820585,V820599. | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,392 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V800454,V800455,V800471,880486,V800503. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,568 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study Source variable: V780531,V780534,V780546. | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 2,241 |
| ANES 1976 Time Series Study Source variable: V763409,V763412,V763424. | 1976-09-07 to 1977-01-30 | face to face | 2,248 | 2,189 |
| ANES 1974 Time Series Study Source variable: V742443,V742446,V742458. | 1974-11-06 to 1975-01-31 | face to face | 1,575 | 1,543 |
| ANES 1972 Time Series Study Source variable: V720306,V720309,V720321. | 1972-09-01 to 1973-02-13 | face to face | 2,705 | 2,651 |
| ANES 1970 Time Series Study Source variable: V700275,V700276,V700288(type 0). | 1970-11-04 to 1971-01-13 | face to face | 1,507 | 1,481 |
| ANES 1968 Time Series Study Source variable: V680161,V680176. | 1968-09-06 to 1969-01-28 | face to face | 1,557 | 1,512 |
| ANES 1964 Time Series Study Source variable: V640202,V640205. | 1964-09-07 to 1965-02-01 | face to face | 1,571 | 1,544 |
| ANES 1960 Time Series Study Source variable: V600129,V600132. | 1960-09-12 to 1960-12-26 | face to face | 1,181 | 1,155 |
| ANES 1958 Time Series Study Source variable: V580181,V580184. | 1958-11-05 to 1958-12-25 | face to face | 1,450 | 1,436 |
| ANES 1956 Time Series Study Source variable: V560120,V560123. | 1956-09-17 to 1957-01-19 | face to face | 1,762 | 1,747 |
| ANES 1952 Time Series Study Source variable: V520132,V520134. | 1952-09-15 | face to face | 1,899 | 1,774 |