There’s been some talk these days about different social classes. Most people say they belong either to the middle class or the working class. Do you ever think of yourself as belonging in one of these classes? Which one? / Well, if you had to make a choice, would you call yourself middle class or working class? (IF MIDDLE OR WORKING CLASS: ) Would you say that you are about average middle/working class or that you are in the upper part of the middle/working class?
Average or upper middle or working class · Asked in 21 waves, 1956–2016 · 45,513 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Not loaded for 1960, 1964, and 1986: the follow-up (average or upper part of the class) was not asked those years (codebook 1960 note), so the cumulative file filled codes 2 and 5 ('NA average or upper') from VCF0149. Working vs. middle class for those years is in VCF0149. Kept and flagged: 9 (other_missing). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: Respondents who volunteered upper or lower class in response to any of the questions (0 or 7 in VCF0148a) have been coded 9. 1960 NOTE: Because the final question (average or upper) was not asked, data from VCF0149 have been incorporated in the following manner: if VCF0149 is coded 1 or 2, this variable is coded 5; if VCF0149 is coded 3 or 4, this variable is coded 2. 1964 NOTE: same as 1960. 1986 NOTE: same as 1960. 2000 NOTE: The 2000 summary variable used here appropriately coded into its categories the open-end Other Specify responses corresponding to lower, working, middle or upper class. The 2000 summary variable categories are the same as in VCF0148. 2016 NOTE: In 2016, a half sample of respondents were asked this 4-question version for social class in the pre-election wave and the remaining half sample were asked in the post.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V161304,V161305a,V161305b,V161306,V162128,V162129,V162130,V162131. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 4,270 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: dem_class,dem_whichclass,dem_chclass,dem_avgclass. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,914 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V083250,V083250a,V083250b,V083250c. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,322 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V043298. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,212 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V001005. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,807 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941409. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V924114. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed |
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Average working | Working–NA average or upper working | Upper working | Average middle | Middle class–NA average or upper middle | Upper middle | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 40% | 0% | 9% | 37% | 0% | 14% | 4270 | ±2 | |
| Democrats | 42% | 0% | 9% | 36% | 0% | 13% | 1449 | ±3 | |
| Independents (incl. leaners) | 44% | 0% | 9% | 34% | 0% | 12% | 1569 | ±3 | |
| Republicans | 32% | 0% | 8% | 42% | – | 18% | 1229 | ±3 |
ANES 2016 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2,485 |
| 2,485 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900668. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 1,980 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880525. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 2,040 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840685. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,257 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study Source variable: V820732. | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,418 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V800691. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,614 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study Source variable: V780603. | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 2,304 |
| ANES 1976 Time Series Study Source variable: V763486. | 1976-09-07 to 1977-01-30 | face to face | 2,248 | 2,248 |
| ANES 1974 Time Series Study Source variable: V742525. | 1974-11-06 to 1975-01-31 | face to face | 1,575 | 1,575 |
| ANES 1972 Time Series Study Source variable: V720400. | 1972-09-01 to 1973-02-13 | face to face | 2,705 | 2,705 |
| ANES 1970 Time Series Study Source variable: V700356(type 0). | 1970-11-04 to 1971-01-13 | face to face | 1,507 | 1,507 |
| ANES 1968 Time Series Study Source variable: V680209. | 1968-09-06 to 1969-01-28 | face to face | 1,557 | 1,557 |
| ANES 1966 Time Series Study Source variable: V660219. | 1966-11-08 to 1967-02-01 | face to face | 1,291 | 1,291 |
| ANES 1958 Time Series Study Source variable: V580219. | 1958-11-05 to 1958-12-25 | face to face | 1,450 | 1,450 |
| ANES 1956 Time Series Study Source variable: V560224. | 1956-09-17 to 1957-01-19 | face to face | 1,762 | 1,762 |