There’s been some talk these days about different social classes. Most people say they belong either to the middle class or the working class. Do you ever think of yourself as belonging in one of these classes? Which one? / (IF NO OR DK: ) Well, if you had to make a choice, would you call yourself middle class or working class? (IF MIDDLE OR WORKING CLASS:) Would you say that you are about average middle/working class or that you are in the upper part of the middle/working class?
Self-identified social class, 8 categories · Asked in 21 waves, 1956–2016 · 45,513 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Kept and flagged: 9 (other_missing). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: Respondents who answered No or DK to the initial question (think of self as belonging to either middle or working class) were administered the followup that asked the respondent, if R ‘had to make a choice,’ to choose between middle or working. In some years, respondents who refused or did not answer the initial question were also asked the choice question (2012,2008,2004,2000,1990 and 1 post Web respondent in 2016). In 2000 only, respondents who answered Yes to the initial question but who gave an Other response to the followup ‘Which one?’ were asked the choice question. Respondents who volunteered upper or lower class in response to any of the questions have been coded as such here (0 or 7). 1992 NOTE: This set of questions was not part of the ‘short-form’ questionnaire; for short-form panel cases, however, 1990 study data were incorporated in the 1992 summary var. 2000 NOTE: The 2000 summary variable used here appropriately coded into its categories the open-end Other Specify responses corresponding to lower, working, middle or upper class. The 2000 summary variable categories are the same as in VCF0148. 2016 NOTE: In 2016, a half sample of respondents were asked this 4-question version for social class in the pre-election wave and the remaining half sample were asked in the post.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V161304,V161305a,V161305b,V161306,V162128,V162129,V162130,V162131. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 4,270 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: dem_class,dem_whichclass,dem_chclass,dem_avgclass. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,914 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V083250,V083250a,V083250b,V083250c. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,322 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V043298. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,212 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V001005. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,807 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941409. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V924114. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed |
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Group | Lower class (VOLUNTEERED) | Average working | Working–NA average or upper working | Upper working | Average middle | Middle class–NA average or upper middle | Upper middle | Upper class (VOLUNTEERED) | n | MoE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 1% | 39% | 0% | 9% | 37% | 0% | 14% | 1% | 4270 | ±2 |
ANES 2016 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2,485 |
| 2,485 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900668. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 1,980 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880525. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 2,040 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840685. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,257 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study Source variable: V820732. | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,418 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V800691. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,614 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study Source variable: V780603. | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 2,304 |
| ANES 1976 Time Series Study Source variable: V763486. | 1976-09-07 to 1977-01-30 | face to face | 2,248 | 2,248 |
| ANES 1974 Time Series Study Source variable: V742525. | 1974-11-06 to 1975-01-31 | face to face | 1,575 | 1,575 |
| ANES 1972 Time Series Study Source variable: V720400. | 1972-09-01 to 1973-02-13 | face to face | 2,705 | 2,705 |
| ANES 1970 Time Series Study Source variable: V700356(type 0). | 1970-11-04 to 1971-01-13 | face to face | 1,507 | 1,507 |
| ANES 1968 Time Series Study Source variable: V680209. | 1968-09-06 to 1969-01-28 | face to face | 1,557 | 1,557 |
| ANES 1966 Time Series Study Source variable: V660219. | 1966-11-08 to 1967-02-01 | face to face | 1,291 | 1,291 |
| ANES 1958 Time Series Study Source variable: V580219. | 1958-11-05 to 1958-12-25 | face to face | 1,450 | 1,450 |
| ANES 1956 Time Series Study Source variable: V560224. | 1956-09-17 to 1957-01-19 | face to face | 1,762 | 1,762 |