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1972-1978: (1972: We’d like to know if you are looking for work, working now) (1974- 1978: We’d like to know if you are working now, or are you unemployed,) retired, (a housewife) a (student), or what? (IF HOMEMAKER OR STUDENT) Are you doing any work for pay at the present time? (IF R IS HOMEMAKER OR STUDENT AND R IS WORKING FOR PAY:) About how many hours do you work on your job in the average week? 1980 AND LATER EXC. 2002 FRESH CROSS: We’d like to know if you are working now, temporarily laid off, or are you unemployed, retired, permanently disabled, (a homemaker), (a student), or what? (STUDENT OR HOMEMAKER:) Are you doing any work for pay at the present time? (RETIRED 1980,1982, 1988 AND LATER:) Are you doing any work for pay at the present time? (DISABLED 1982,1988 AND LATER:) Are you doing any work for pay at the present time? (STUDENT OR HOMEMAKER:) About how many hours do you work on your job in the average week? (RETIRED AND ANSWERED WORKING FOR PAY 1980:) In an average week do you work 20 or more hours on that job? (RETIRED OR DISABLED, AND R ANSWERED WORKING FOR PAY 1982,1988 AND LATER:) About how many hours do you work on your job in the average week? (RETIRED OR DISABLED AND R VOLUNTEERED WORKING FOR PAY 1984,1986:) About how many hours do you work on your job in the average week? 2002 FRESH CROSS: We’d like to know if you are working now, or are you unemployed, retired, a homemaker, (a student), or what? (MULTIPLE RESPONSES)
Respondent work status, seven categories · Asked in 22 waves, 1972–2024 · 58,429 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Kept and flagged: 9 (other_missing). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: See Appendix NOTE ‘WORK STATUS’. See also VCF0118,VCF0150. For all years except 2002, this is occupation status after the respondent has first self-identified in one or more occupation categories and then answered other employment questions related to work history, number of work hours etc.; for these years, it may be that coding here differs from R’s initial self-identification(s). 2002 NOTE: 2000 data have been incorporated for panel cases.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
| Group |
|---|
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2024 Time Series Study Source variable: V241488x. | 2024-08-03 to 2025-02-17 | mixed | 5,521 | 5,521 |
| ANES 2020 Time Series Study Source variable: V201534x. | 2020-08-18 to 2021-01-04 | mixed | 8,280 | 8,280 |
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V161276x. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 4,270 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: dem_empstatus_1digitfin_x. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,914 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V083222a. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,322 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V043260b. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,212 |
| ANES 2002 Time Series Study Source variable: V023132x. | 2002-09-18 to 2002-12-06 | phone | 1,511 | 1,511 |
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Working now |
|---|
| Temporarily laid off |
|---|
| Unemployed |
|---|
| Retired |
|---|
| Permanently disabled |
|---|
| Homemaker |
|---|
| Student |
|---|
| n |
|---|
| MoE |
|---|
| All respondents | 74% | 0% | 2% | 18% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 5521 | ±2 | |
| Northeast | 73% | 1% | 2% | 19% | 3% | 3% | – | 870 | ±5 | |
| Midwest | 75% | 0% | 2% | 17% | 4% | 2% | 0% | 1399 | ±4 | |
| South | 74% | 0% | 2% | 17% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 2081 | ±3 | |
| West | 73% | 0% | 2% | 18% | 3% | 4% | 0% | 1171 | ±4 |
ANES 2024 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 |
| mixed |
| 1,807 |
| 1,807 |
| ANES 1998 Time Series Study Source variable: V980579a. | 1998-11-04 to 1998-12-23 | mixed | 1,281 | 1,281 |
| ANES 1996 Time Series Study Source variable: V960676. | 1996-09-03 to 1997-01-02 | mixed | 1,714 | 1,714 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941216. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V923915. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,485 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900566. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 1,980 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880429. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 2,040 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study Source variable: V860615. | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 2,176 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840457. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,257 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study Source variable: V820610. | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,418 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V800515. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,614 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study Source variable: V780531. | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 2,304 |
| ANES 1976 Time Series Study Source variable: V763409. | 1976-09-07 to 1977-01-30 | face to face | 2,248 | 2,248 |
| ANES 1974 Time Series Study Source variable: V742443. | 1974-11-06 to 1975-01-31 | face to face | 1,575 | 1,575 |
| ANES 1972 Time Series Study Source variable: V720306. | 1972-09-01 to 1973-02-13 | face to face | 2,705 | 2,705 |