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1948,1952,1956-1970: Interviewer observation of Race. 1972-1976: Interviewer observation of Race. In addition to being American, what do you consider your main ethnic group or nationality group? 1978: Interviewer observation of Race. Interviewer observation: R of Hispanic origin. In addition to being American, is there another nationality or ethnic group that you feel you belong to? (IF YES:) What group is that? 1980,1982,1984,1986: Interviewer observation of Race. Interviewer observation: R of Hispanic origin. In addition to being American, what do you consider your main ethnic group or nationality group? 1988-1998: Interviewer observation of Race. In addition to being American, what do you consider your main ethnic group or nationality group? [IF HISPANIC ETHNIC GROUP NOT MENTIONED] Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin or descent? 2000-2008: What racial or ethnic group or groups best describes you? [MULTIPLE MENTIONS CODED BY IWR] In addition to being American, what do you consider your main ethnic group or nationality group? [IF HISPANIC ETHNIC GROUP NOT MENTIONED] Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin or descent? 2012,2016: Are you Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino? FTF ONLY: I am going to read you a list of five race categories. Please choose one or more races that you consider yourself to be: [MULTIPLE MENTIONS]: White / Black or African-American / American Indian or Alaska Native / Asian / Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander / Other.
Race and ethnicity, four categories · Asked in 32 waves, 1948–2024 · 72,606 responses · weighted estimates computed from individual responses
Kept and flagged: 0 (no_answer), 9 (other_missing). Codebook notes: GENERAL NOTE: Collapsed from VCF0105a: 1=1,2=2,3=4,4=4,5=3,6=4,7=0,9=9.
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. Each column is one wave, evenly spaced rather than to scale in time; hover for exact shares.
| Poll | Field dates | Mode | Respondents | Responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANES 2024 Time Series Study Source variable: V241501x. | 2024-08-03 to 2025-02-17 | mixed | 5,521 | 5,521 |
| ANES 2020 Time Series Study Source variable: V201549x. | 2020-08-18 to 2021-01-04 | mixed | 8,280 | 8,280 |
| ANES 2016 Time Series Study Source variable: V161310x. | 2016-09-07 to 2017-01-09 | mixed | 4,270 | 4,270 |
| ANES 2012 Time Series Study Source variable: dem_racecps_asian,dem_racecps_black,dem_racecps_native,dem_racecps_othrace,dem_racecps_pacif, dem_racecps_racedkrf,dem_racecps_white. | 2012-09-09 to 2013-01-13 | mixed | 5,914 | 5,914 |
| ANES 2008 Time Series Study Source variable: V083251a,V083251b,V083251c,V083251d,V083251e,V083252a,V083252b,V083252c,V083252d,V083256. | 2008-09-02 to 2008-12-30 | face to face | 2,322 | 2,322 |
| ANES 2004 Time Series Study Source variable: V043299,V043301a,V043301b,V043301c,V043305. | 2004-09-07 to 2004-12-19 | face to face | 1,212 | 1,212 |
| ANES 2002 Time Series Study Source variable: V021001,V023150,V023151. |
Dashed lines mark changes in how interviews were done, which can shift answers: 1. → mixed mode (2012).
Shares of people who gave an answer. A group’s column is left blank in waves where its effective sample is under 50; hover for exact shares.
| Group |
|---|
| White non-Hispanic |
|---|
| Black non-Hispanic |
|---|
| Hispanic |
|---|
| Other or multiple races, non-Hispanic |
|---|
| n |
|---|
| MoE |
|---|
| All respondents | 64% | 12% | 14% | 10% | 5521 | ±2 |
ANES 2024 Time Series Study · US citizens 18+ (face-to-face samples: contiguous 48 states and DC; web samples: 50 states and DC). Shares of people who gave an answer. n is unweighted; ± is the 95% margin of error at 50% from the weighted effective sample. Groups with an effective sample under 50 are grayed; under 20, hidden.
| 2002-09-18 to 2002-12-06 |
| phone |
| 1,511 |
| 1,511 |
| ANES 2000 Time Series Study Source variable: V001006a,V001006b,V001006c,V001008,V001009,V001012. | 2000-09-05 to 2000-12-22 | mixed | 1,807 | 1,807 |
| ANES 1998 Time Series Study Source variable: V980654,V980655,V980659,V980673. | 1998-11-04 to 1998-12-23 | mixed | 1,281 | 1,281 |
| ANES 1996 Time Series Study Source variable: V960067,V960703,V960704,V960708. | 1996-09-03 to 1997-01-02 | mixed | 1,714 | 1,714 |
| ANES 1994 Time Series Study Source variable: V941411,V941412,V941413,V941418,V941435. | 1994-11-09 to 1995-01-08 | mixed | 1,795 | 1,795 |
| ANES 1992 Time Series Study Source variable: V923011,V924116,V924117,V924122,V924202. | 1992-09-02 to 1993-01-16 | mixed | 2,485 | 2,485 |
| ANES 1990 Time Series Study Source variable: V900549,V900670,V900671,V900676. | 1990-11-06 to 1991-01-21 | face to face | 1,980 | 1,980 |
| ANES 1988 Time Series Study Source variable: V880412,V880534,V880535,V880540. | 1988-09-06 to 1989-01-23 | face to face | 2,040 | 2,040 |
| ANES 1986 Time Series Study Source variable: V860739,V860740,V860756,V860757. | 1986-11-05 to 1987-02-07 | face to face | 2,176 | 2,176 |
| ANES 1984 Time Series Study Source variable: V840689,V840690,V840708,V840709. | 1984-09-04 to 1985-01-24 | mixed | 2,257 | 2,257 |
| ANES 1982 Time Series Study Source variable: V820736,V820737,V820763,V820764. | 1982-11-02 to 1983-01-31 | face to face | 1,418 | 1,418 |
| ANES 1980 Time Series Study Source variable: V800695,V800696,V800721,V800722. | 1980-09-02 to 1981-02-07 | face to face | 1,614 | 1,614 |
| ANES 1978 Time Series Study Source variable: V780608,V780609,V780631,V780632. | 1978-11-08 to 1979-01-25 | face to face | 2,304 | 2,304 |
| ANES 1976 Time Series Study Source variable: V763489,V763513. | 1976-09-07 to 1977-01-30 | face to face | 2,248 | 2,248 |
| ANES 1974 Time Series Study Source variable: V742528,V742554. | 1974-11-06 to 1975-01-31 | face to face | 1,575 | 1,575 |
| ANES 1972 Time Series Study Source variable: V720406,V720425. | 1972-09-01 to 1973-02-13 | face to face | 2,705 | 2,705 |
| ANES 1970 Time Series Study Source variable: V700391 (Type 0). | 1970-11-04 to 1971-01-13 | face to face | 1,507 | 1,507 |
| ANES 1968 Time Series Study Source variable: V680264. | 1968-09-06 to 1969-01-28 | face to face | 1,557 | 1,557 |
| ANES 1966 Time Series Study Source variable: V660237. | 1966-11-08 to 1967-02-01 | face to face | 1,291 | 1,291 |
| ANES 1964 Time Series Study Source variable: V640183. | 1964-09-07 to 1965-02-01 | face to face | 1,571 | 1,571 |
| ANES 1962 Time Series Study Source variable: V620097. | 1962-11-07 | face to face | 1,297 | 1,297 |
| ANES 1960 Time Series Study Source variable: V600119. | 1960-09-12 to 1960-12-26 | face to face | 1,181 | 1,181 |
| ANES 1958 Time Series Study Source variable: V580171. | 1958-11-05 to 1958-12-25 | face to face | 1,450 | 1,450 |
| ANES 1956 Time Series Study Source variable: V560172. | 1956-09-17 to 1957-01-19 | face to face | 1,762 | 1,762 |
| ANES 1952 Time Series Study Source variable: V520129. | 1952-09-15 | face to face | 1,899 | 1,899 |
| ANES 1948 Time Series Study Source variable: V480046. | 1948-10-01 to 1948-12-31 | face to face | 662 | 662 |